The indications for immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) use in cancer treatment continue to expand. This is attributable to their proven anticancer activity in addition to their tolerability and favorable toxicity profile as compared to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. ICIs work by blocking the inhibitory signals between tumor cells and T-cells, thereby enhancing the T-cell cytotoxic activity to inhibit tumor growth. Because of their immune-stimulating effect, ICIs are linked to adverse renal outcomes in both native and transplanted kidneys. The risk of kidney allograft rejection in the setting of ICI use has been reported to be around 40%, leading to an increased risk of graft loss. In this report, we review the literature examining outcomes in kidney transplant recipients receiving ICIs for various oncologic indications.

Background Secondary malignant neoplasms of the liver (SMNL) are more common than primary liver cancers but remain understudied. This study provides the first nationwide analysis of SMNL mortality trends and disparities in the US. Methods This study analyzed SMNL-related (ICD-10: C78.7) CDC WONDER mortality data (1999–2023), and US Cancer Statistics incidence data for adults ≥ 45 years, stratified by demographics, geography, and primary site. Age-adjusted mortality and incidence rates (AAMRs, AAIRs) and crude mortality rates (CMRs) were reported per 100,000 population. Temporal trends were analyzed using Joinpoint regression. Results SMNL-related AAMR rose from 23.8 (1999) to 25.1 (2023). Males accounted for 51.3% of the 597,332 deaths and had higher AAMRs than females throughout. Lung (25.6%) and colon (24.6%) cancers were the leading primary sites causing SMNL-related deaths. AAIRs and AAMRs (irrespective of metastasis) declined for most primary cancers. CMRs progressively increased across each successive 10-year age group. Non-Hispanic (NH) Blacks had the highest AAMR but with a declining trend, while NH Whites saw a significant increase. West’s AAMRs showed the biggest increase. Rural areas consistently had higher AAMRs. Conclusions SMNL mortality is rising among older US adults, with disparities. Improved primary cancer survival extends the window for metastatic progression, highlighting the need for better detection and management.