This study presents the total cost of ownership (TCO) of battery electric buses across Europe (the EU27 + UK + Türkiye). A comprehensive review of the assumptions and data used for the TCO calculation of buses in the literature is provided, along with calculations of the different bus TCO excluding labor costs, across these countries. The calculated TCO is compared with diesel costs in each country to identify the countries in which bus electrification is financially most competitive. The study reveals that the financial case for bus electrification is strongest in Finland, France, Belgium and Greece (TCOs around €750k to €850k and high diesel costs in the range of €1.70 per liter) and is weakest in Malta, Bulgaria and Cyprus. These results are expected to be of interest for operators, academics, policy makers, and financial investors in bus electrification.

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems involve scaled and high-speed transportation of passengers at affordable rates through high-frequency high-capacity buses along dedicated lines or corridors. Due to their ability to offer high quality mass transit at scale at lower total cost of system than light and heavy rail, they have become increasingly popular among cities globally. Electrification of the buses and the inclusion of charging infrastructure in BRT planning and operation has been a major recent development. This development retains high quality of service while reducing urban air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, we present a comprehensive framework based on Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to evaluate electric Bus Rapid Transit (eBRT) systems. This framework was developed and applied in the European project eBRT2030 to evaluate eBRT systems in the European cities of Amsterdam, Barcelona, Prague, Athens and Rimini. The study also describes the selective and contextual application of the framework in each of these cities, which vary considerably in urban landscape, requirements of passengers, technology providers and experience with electrification.

Shared mobility is central to sustainable urban transport, but its adoption across Europe requires strong policy support. This paper draws on recommendations from the GEMINI project, which supports eight cities in deploying New Mobility Services (NMS). Based on shared learning sessions, co-creation workshops, and structured partner engagement, we identify key themes shaping the implementation and scaling of NMS. First, we examine policy drivers and barriers influencing car-, bike−/e-scooter-sharing and Mobility as a Commons (MaaC) across local, national, and EU levels. Second, we investigate how NMS can be more effectively embedded into Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMPs), proposing updates to planning processes and document structures. Third, we assess technological and data-related challenges, focusing on how improved data sharing can strengthen shared services. Finally, we highlight enablers for adoption, including capacity-building, communication, behaviour change, and citizen engagement. Findings show that success relies not only on infrastructure and technology but equally on behavioural change and local adaptation to ensure accessibility and equity. Aligning shared mobility with public transport, SUMPs, and effective data coordination is critical. Insights will inform policy roadmaps and a practical handbook to help cities design and manage shared mobility tailored to local contexts.