The Mediterranean Diet (MD) has emerged as a comprehensive model for promoting human health and environmental sustainability. This review proposes reconceptualization of the traditional MD pyramid, highlighting its functional food components and their relevance to modern health challenges. Rooted in a rich cultural and gastronomic heritage, the MD extends beyond nutritional adequacy. It offers substantial nutraceutical benefits due to its high content of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, carotenoids, omega-3 fatty acids, and phytosterols. These compounds contribute to the prevention and management of chronic non-communicable diseases through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Simultaneously, the MD aligns with sustainable food system principles: it is predominantly plant-based; it promotes seasonal and local food sourcing; and it supports minimal food waste. In addition, this dietary pattern has been associated with a significantly lower ecological footprint compared to Western diets, thus supporting broader environmental goals. Ultimately, the MD stands as a scientifically grounded, culturally embedded, and ecologically viable approach to foster both individual and planetary wellbeing (One Health concept).

The Mediterranean Diet (MD) has emerged as a comprehensive model for promoting human health and environmental sustainability. Rooted in a rich cultural and gastro-nomic heritage, the MD extends beyond nutritional adequacy, offering substantial nutraceutical benefits attributed to its high content of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, carotenoids, omega-3 fatty acids, and phytosterols. These compounds contribute to the prevention and management of chronic non-communicable diseases through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective mechanisms. Simultaneously, the MD aligns with sustainable food system principles, characterised by a predominantly plant-based composition, seasonal and local food sourcing, reduced reliance on animal-derived products, and minimal food waste. This dietary pattern has been associated with a significantly lower ecological footprint compared to Western diets, thus supporting broader environmental goals. This paper reviews the historical evolution, nutritional profile, bioactive composition, and epide-miological evidence supporting the MD, and proposes a reconceptualization of the traditional MD pyramid to emphasise its functional food components. Ultimately, the MD stands as a scientifically grounded, culturally embedded, and ecologically viable approach to foster both individual and planetary wellbeing.