Statins play an important role in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Increasing attention has been given to the relationship between statins and insulin resistance, but many randomized controlled trials confirm that the therapeutic effects of statins on diabetic nephropathy are more beneficial than harmful. However, further confirmation of whether the beneficial effects of chronic statin administration on diabetic nephropathy outweigh the detrimental effects is urgently needed. Here, we find that long-term statin administration may increase insulin resistance, interfere with lipid metabolism, leads to inflammation and fibrosis, and ultimately fuel diabetic nephropathy progression in diabetic mice. Mechanistically, activation of insulin-regulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway leads to increased fatty acid synthesis. Furthermore, statins administration increases lipid uptake and inhibits fatty acid oxidation, leading to lipid deposition. Here we show that long-term statins administration exacerbates diabetic nephropathy via ectopic fat deposition in diabetic mice.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a primary myocardial injury induced by diabetes with complex pathogenesis. In this study, we identify disordered cardiac retinol metabolism in type 2 diabetic male mice and patients characterized by retinol overload, all-trans retinoic acid deficiency. By supplementing type 2 diabetic male mice with retinol or all-trans retinoic acid, we demonstrate that both cardiac retinol overload and all-trans retinoic acid deficiency promote diabetic cardiomyopathy. Mechanistically, by constructing cardiomyocyte-specific conditional retinol dehydrogenase 10-knockout male mice and overexpressing retinol dehydrogenase 10 in male type 2 diabetic mice via adeno-associated virus, we verify that the reduction in cardiac retinol dehydrogenase 10 is the initiating factor for cardiac retinol metabolism disorder and results in diabetic cardiomyopathy through lipotoxicity and ferroptosis. Therefore, we suggest that the reduction of cardiac retinol dehydrogenase 10 and its mediated disorder of cardiac retinol metabolism is a new mechanism underlying diabetic cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with diabetes are susceptible to cardiac dysfunction and heart failure, potentially resulting in mortality. Metabolic disorders frequently occur in patients with diabetes, and diabetes usually leads to remodeling of heart structure and cardiac dysfunction. However, the contribution and underlying mechanisms of metabolic and structural coupling in diabetic cardiac dysfunction remain elusive. METHODS: Two mouse models of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) were used to assess alterations in glucose/lipid metabolism and cardiac structure. The potential metabolic-structural coupling molecule ACBP (acyl–coenzyme A–binding protein) was screened from 4 published datasets of T2DM-associated heart disease. In vivo loss-of-function and gain-of-function approaches were used to investigate the role of ACBP in diabetic cardiac dysfunction. The underlying mechanisms of metabolic and structural coupling were investigated by stable-isotope tracing metabolomics, coimmunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry, and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing. RESULTS: Diabetic mouse hearts exhibit enhanced lipid metabolism and impaired ultrastructure with marked cardiac systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Analysis of 4 T2DM public datasets revealed that Acbp was a significant lipid metabolism gene whose expression was upregulated. Consistently, ACBP expression levels were markedly elevated in the hearts of patients with diabetes and diabetic mice. Moreover, we constructed cardiomyocyte-specific Acbp knockout mice that exhibited attenuation of T2DM-induced cardiac remodeling and cardiac dysfunction, including attenuation of cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, ultrastructural damage, and enhanced cardiomyocyte contractility and cardiac function. Conversely, cardiac-specific Acbp overexpression via adeno-associated virus type 9, which encodes Acbp under the cTnT (cardiac troponin T) promoter, recapitulated cardiac dysfunction. Mechanistically, cardiac-specific Acbp knockout enhances glucose utilization in diabetic cardiomyocytes, suggesting a potential compensatory mechanism for insufficient ATP levels, highlighting its metabolic role. In addition, combined with mass spectrometry analysis revealed that ACBP binds MyBPC3 (myosin-binding protein C3) in T2DM individuals, which potentially prevents MyBPC3 from assisting the formation of cross-bridge structures between myosin and actin, thereby impairing myocardial contraction. Importantly, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing revealed that peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ regulates the transcriptional activity of Acbp . CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrated that ACBP mediates the bidirectional regulation of cardiomyocyte metabolic and structural associations and identified a promising therapeutic target for ameliorating cardiac dysfunction in patients with T2DM.

The association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is controversial. HDL-C is one content type of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). HDL consists of diverse proteins and lipids and can be classified into different subclasses based on size, shape, charge, and density, and can change dynamically in disease states. Therefore, HDL-C levels alone cannot represent HDLs’ cardioprotective role. In this review, we summarized the methods for separating HDL subclasses, the studies on the association between HDL subclasses and cardiovascular risk (CVR), and the impact of lipid-modifying medications and nonpharmacological approaches (exercise training, dietary omega fatty acids, and low-density lipoprotein apheresis) on HDL subclasses. As HDL is a natural nanoplatform, recombinant HDLs (rHDLs) have been used as a delivery system in vivo by loading small interfering RNA, drugs, contrast agents, etc. Therefore, we further reviewed the HDL subclasses used in rHDLs and their advantages and disadvantages. This review would provide recommendations and guidance for future studies on HDL subclasses’ cardioprotective roles.