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Semantic 3D city modeling and building information modeling (BIM) are methods for modeling, creating, and analyzing three-dimensional representations of physical objects of the environment. Digital modeling of the built environment has been approached from at least four different domains: computer graphics and gaming, planning and construction, urban simulation, and geomatics. This chapter introduces the similarities and differences of 3D models from these disciplines with regard to aspects like scale, level of detail, representation of spatial and semantic characteristics, and appearance. Exemplified by the international standards CityGML and Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), information models from semantic 3D city modeling and BIM and their corresponding modeling approaches are explored, and the relationships between them are discussed. Based on use cases from infrastructure planning, approaches for integrating information from semantic 3D city modeling and BIM, such as semantic transformation between CityGML and IFC, are described. Furthermore, the role of semantic 3D city modeling and BIM for recent developments in urban informatics, such as smart cities and digital twins, is investigated and illustrated by real-world examples.
Thomas H. Kolbe; Andreas Donaubauer. Semantic 3D City Modeling and BIM. The Life and Afterlife of Gay Neighborhoods 2021, 609 -636.
AMA StyleThomas H. Kolbe, Andreas Donaubauer. Semantic 3D City Modeling and BIM. The Life and Afterlife of Gay Neighborhoods. 2021; ():609-636.
Chicago/Turabian StyleThomas H. Kolbe; Andreas Donaubauer. 2021. "Semantic 3D City Modeling and BIM." The Life and Afterlife of Gay Neighborhoods , no. : 609-636.
In the context of smart cities and digital twins, three-dimensional semantic city models are increasingly used for the analyses of large urban areas. While the representation of buildings, terrain, and vegetation has become standard for most city models, detailed spatio-semantic representations of streetspace have played a minor role so far. This is now changing (1) because of data availability, and (2) because recent and emerging applications require having detailed data about the streetspace. The upcoming version 3.0 of the international standard CityGML provides a substantially updated data model regarding the transportation infrastructure, including the representation of the streetspace. However, there already exist a number of other standards and data formats dealing with the representation and exchange of streetspace data. Thus, based on an extensive literature review of potential applications as well as discussions and collaborations with relevant stakeholders, seven key modelling aspects of detailed streetspace models are identified. This allows a structured discussion of representational capabilities of the proposed CityGML3.0 Transportation Model with respect to these aspects and in comparison to the other standards. Subsequently, it is shown that CityGML3.0 meets most of these aspects and that streetspace models can be derived from various data sources and for different cities. Models generated compliant to the CityGML standard are immediately usable for a number of applications. This is demonstrated for some applications, such as land use management, solar potential analyses, and traffic and pedestrian simulations.
Christof Beil; Roland Ruhdorfer; Theresa Coduro; Thomas H. Kolbe. Detailed Streetspace Modelling for Multiple Applications: Discussions on the Proposed CityGML 3.0 Transportation Model. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 2020, 9, 603 .
AMA StyleChristof Beil, Roland Ruhdorfer, Theresa Coduro, Thomas H. Kolbe. Detailed Streetspace Modelling for Multiple Applications: Discussions on the Proposed CityGML 3.0 Transportation Model. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2020; 9 (10):603.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristof Beil; Roland Ruhdorfer; Theresa Coduro; Thomas H. Kolbe. 2020. "Detailed Streetspace Modelling for Multiple Applications: Discussions on the Proposed CityGML 3.0 Transportation Model." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 10: 603.
Automated driving technologies offer the opportunity to substantially reduce the number of road accidents and fatalities. This requires the development of systems that can handle traffic scenarios more reliable than the human driver. The extreme number of traffic scenarios, though, causes enormous challenges in testing and proving the correct system functioning. Due to its efficiency and reproducibility, the test procedure will involve environment simulations to which the system under test is exposed. A combination of traffic, driving and Vulnerable Road User (VRU) simulation is therefore required for a holistic environment simulation. Since these simulators have different requirements and support various formats, a concept for integrated spatio-semantic road space modeling is proposed in this paper. For this purpose, the established standard OpenDRIVE, which describes road networks with their topology for submicroscopic driving simulation and HD maps, is combined with the internationally used semantic 3D city model standard CityGML. Both standards complement each other, and their combination opens the potentials of both application domains—automotive and 3D GIS. As a result, existing HD maps can now be used by model processing tools, enabling their transformation to the target formats of the respective simulators. Based on this, we demonstrate a distributed environment simulation with the submicroscopic driving simulator Virtual Test Drive and the pedestrian simulator MomenTUM at a sensitive crossing in the city of Ingolstadt. Both simulators are coupled at runtime and the architecture supports the integration of automated driving functions.
Benedikt Schwab; Christof Beil; Thomas H. Kolbe. Spatio-Semantic Road Space Modeling for Vehicle–Pedestrian Simulation to Test Automated Driving Systems. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3799 .
AMA StyleBenedikt Schwab, Christof Beil, Thomas H. Kolbe. Spatio-Semantic Road Space Modeling for Vehicle–Pedestrian Simulation to Test Automated Driving Systems. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (9):3799.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBenedikt Schwab; Christof Beil; Thomas H. Kolbe. 2020. "Spatio-Semantic Road Space Modeling for Vehicle–Pedestrian Simulation to Test Automated Driving Systems." Sustainability 12, no. 9: 3799.
The development of the next major version 3.0 of the international OGC standard CityGML is nearing its end. CityGML 3.0 will come up with a variety of new features and revisions of existing modules that will increase the usability of CityGML for more user groups and areas of application. This includes a new space concept, a revised level-of-detail (LOD) concept, the representation of time-dependent properties, the possibility to manage multiple versions of cities, the representation of city objects by point clouds, an improved modelling of constructions, the representation of building units and storeys, an improved representation of traffic infrastructure as well as a clear separation of the conceptual model and the data encodings that allow for providing further encoding specifications besides GML. This paper gives an overview of these new and revised concepts, and illustrates their application through selected use cases.
Tatjana Kutzner; Kanishk Chaturvedi; Thomas H. Kolbe. CityGML 3.0: New Functions Open Up New Applications. PFG – Journal of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Science 2020, 88, 43 -61.
AMA StyleTatjana Kutzner, Kanishk Chaturvedi, Thomas H. Kolbe. CityGML 3.0: New Functions Open Up New Applications. PFG – Journal of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Science. 2020; 88 (1):43-61.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTatjana Kutzner; Kanishk Chaturvedi; Thomas H. Kolbe. 2020. "CityGML 3.0: New Functions Open Up New Applications." PFG – Journal of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Science 88, no. 1: 43-61.
Kanishk Chaturvedi; Andreas Matheus; Son H. Nguyen; Thomas H. Kolbe. Securing Spatial Data Infrastructures for Distributed Smart City applications and services. Future Generation Computer Systems 2019, 101, 723 -736.
AMA StyleKanishk Chaturvedi, Andreas Matheus, Son H. Nguyen, Thomas H. Kolbe. Securing Spatial Data Infrastructures for Distributed Smart City applications and services. Future Generation Computer Systems. 2019; 101 ():723-736.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKanishk Chaturvedi; Andreas Matheus; Son H. Nguyen; Thomas H. Kolbe. 2019. "Securing Spatial Data Infrastructures for Distributed Smart City applications and services." Future Generation Computer Systems 101, no. : 723-736.
CityGML is an international standard issued by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) for representing and exchanging Semantic 3D City Models. Due to their large scale and deeply nested structures, the management and visualization of CityGML based models require sophisticated solutions such as the 3D City Database (3DCityDB). The research work presented in this article proposes a high level architecture for extending the 3D City Database to store and manage dynamic properties encoded within a new Application Domain Extension (ADE) of CityGML called Dynamizer ADE. The implementation employs the 3DCityDB 4.2 ADE Plugin Manager, which provides an automatic way for dynamically extending the 3DCityDB to support the storage and management of CityGML models with ADEs. The paper introduces a relational database model for storing and managing the Dynamizer ADE within the 3DCityDB. Further, the research work includes the extension of the 3DCityDB Importer/Exporter in order to import and export CityGML documents including Dynamizer ADE data. 3DCityDB already comes with a Web Feature Service (WFS) interface allowing CityGML features to be requested in standardized ways. The proposed framework enables CityGML Viewers to access static data (using OGC WFS interface) and dynamic data (using the OGC SWE interfaces) in an integrated fashion.
K. Chaturvedi; Z. Yao; T. H. Kolbe. INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT AND VISUALIZATION OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODELS. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences 2019, XLII-4/W17, 7 -14.
AMA StyleK. Chaturvedi, Z. Yao, T. H. Kolbe. INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT AND VISUALIZATION OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODELS. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. 2019; XLII-4/W17 ():7-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleK. Chaturvedi; Z. Yao; T. H. Kolbe. 2019. "INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT AND VISUALIZATION OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODELS." The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W17, no. : 7-14.
Semantic 3D City Models are used worldwide for different application domains ranging from Smart Cities, Simulations, Planning to History and Archeology. Well-defined data models like CityGML, IFC and INSPIRE Data Themes allow describing spatial, graphical and semantic information of physical objects. However, cities and their properties are not static and change with respect to time. Hence, it is important that such semantic data models handle different types of changes that take place in cities and their attributes over time. This paper provides a systematic analysis and recommendations for extensions of Semantic 3D City Models in order to support time-dependent properties. This paper reviews different application domains in order to identify key requirements for temporal and dynamic extensions and proposes ways to incorporate these extensions. Over the last couple of years, different extensions have been proposed for these standards to deal with temporal attributes. This paper also presents an analysis to which degree these extensions cover the requirements for dynamic city models.
K. Chaturvedi; T. H. Kolbe. A REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS ON EXTENDING SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODELS FOR SUPPORTING TIME-DEPENDENT PROPERTIES. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences 2019, IV-4/W9, 19 -26.
AMA StyleK. Chaturvedi, T. H. Kolbe. A REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS ON EXTENDING SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODELS FOR SUPPORTING TIME-DEPENDENT PROPERTIES. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. 2019; IV-4/W9 ():19-26.
Chicago/Turabian StyleK. Chaturvedi; T. H. Kolbe. 2019. "A REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS ON EXTENDING SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODELS FOR SUPPORTING TIME-DEPENDENT PROPERTIES." ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-4/W9, no. : 19-26.
Automated driving has received a high degree of public attention in recent years as it will lead to profound changes in mobility, society and urban development. Despite several product announcements from automobile manufacturers and mobility providers, many questions have not yet been answered completely. The need of lane-level HD maps was widely discussed and has been the reason for company acquisitions. HD maps are tailored towards supporting the operation of an automated vehicle. However, the development of this technology also requires road space models, but with a completely different focus and level of detail. Therefore, this article investigates the system development and testing challenges of automated driving. Based on this, requirements of road space models for developing automated driving are derived and gaps to current standards are indicated.
B. Schwab; T. H. Kolbe. REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS OF 3D ROAD SPACE MODELS FOR AUTOMATED DRIVING. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences 2019, IV-4/W8, 99 -106.
AMA StyleB. Schwab, T. H. Kolbe. REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS OF 3D ROAD SPACE MODELS FOR AUTOMATED DRIVING. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. 2019; IV-4/W8 ():99-106.
Chicago/Turabian StyleB. Schwab; T. H. Kolbe. 2019. "REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS OF 3D ROAD SPACE MODELS FOR AUTOMATED DRIVING." ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-4/W8, no. : 99-106.
Typically, smart city projects involve complex distributed systems having multiple stakeholders and diverse applications. These applications involve a multitude of sensor and IoT platforms for managing different types of timeseries observations. In many scenarios, timeseries data is the result of specific simulations and is stored in databases and even simple files. To make well-informed decisions, it is essential to have a proper data integration strategy, which must allow working with heterogeneous data sources and platforms in interoperable ways. In this paper, we present a new lightweight web service called InterSensor Service allowing to simply connect to multiple IoT platforms, simulation specific data, databases, and simple files and retrieving their observations without worrying about data storage and the multitude of different APIs. The service encodes these observations “on-the-fly” according to the standardized external interfaces such as the OGC Sensor Observation Service and OGC SensorThings API. In this way, the heterogeneous observations can be analyzed and visualized in a unified way. The service can be deployed not only by the users to connect to different sources but also by providers and stakeholders to simply add further interfaces to their platforms realizing interoperability according to international standards. We have developed a Java-based implementation of the InterSensor Service, which is being offered free as open source software. The service is already being used in smart city projects and one application for the district Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in London is shown in this paper.
Kanishk Chaturvedi; Thomas H. Kolbe. Towards Establishing Cross-Platform Interoperability for Sensors in Smart Cities. Sensors 2019, 19, 562 .
AMA StyleKanishk Chaturvedi, Thomas H. Kolbe. Towards Establishing Cross-Platform Interoperability for Sensors in Smart Cities. Sensors. 2019; 19 (3):562.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKanishk Chaturvedi; Thomas H. Kolbe. 2019. "Towards Establishing Cross-Platform Interoperability for Sensors in Smart Cities." Sensors 19, no. 3: 562.
Spatial Data Infrastructures play a very important role in linking and integrating various distributed systems in smart city applications. One such concept called Smart District Data Infrastructure (SDDI) is already being implemented in different districts of European cities, which allows managing various actors, stakeholders, sensors, simulation tools and semantic 3D city models within one common operational framework. Such distributed systems involve open data sources belonging to different platforms. On the other side, there are various users and applications who want to access and work on all these systems in convenient ways using single sign-on. If not secured, it may cause a major threat to disclose sensitive information to untrusted or unauthorized entities. This paper presents a novel implementation approach of securing distributed components of the SDDI in the district Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in London. It establishes proper authorization and authentication to allow privacy, security and controlled access to all stakeholders and the respective components. The implementation combines the use of state-of-the-art concepts such as OAuth2 access tokens, OpenID Connect user claims and Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) based Single-Sign-On (SSO) authentication.
Kanishk Chaturvedi; Andreas Matheus; Son H. Nguyen; Thomas H. Kolbe. Securing Spatial Data Infrastructures in the Context of Smart Cities. 2018 International Conference on Cyberworlds (CW) 2018, 403 -408.
AMA StyleKanishk Chaturvedi, Andreas Matheus, Son H. Nguyen, Thomas H. Kolbe. Securing Spatial Data Infrastructures in the Context of Smart Cities. 2018 International Conference on Cyberworlds (CW). 2018; ():403-408.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKanishk Chaturvedi; Andreas Matheus; Son H. Nguyen; Thomas H. Kolbe. 2018. "Securing Spatial Data Infrastructures in the Context of Smart Cities." 2018 International Conference on Cyberworlds (CW) , no. : 403-408.
The last decade has witnessed increasing interest in the study of urban stocks and flows. This paper provides a literature review for different studies of urban stocks and flows. The review shows that urban stocks and flows studies can be categorized according to their output and spatial resolution: The first type of studies uses a lower scale of spatial resolution and focuses on the city as one unit. The second type of studies uses a higher spatial resolution to analyze stocks and flows of sub-areas of the city and is therefore able to produce maps to visualize their results. Both types of studies can either use recent data in a non-dynamic way, or use a time series of data, which allows for the investigation of the city’s development over time. Information about input and output data per study was determined. The literature review also identifies problems associated with current studies, which are related to data availability and accuracy, assumptions, simplifications, and errors. The paper proposes that stocks and flows studies could benefit greatly from the linkage with a standardized semantic 3D city model, such as defined by the CityGML standard. Feedback on CityGML and its ADE capabilities to model urban metabolism is provided.
I. Hijazi; V. Ebert; A. Donaubauer; T. H. Kolbe. COMBINING URBAN METABOLISM METHODS AND SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODELS. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences 2018, XLII-4/W10, 63 -70.
AMA StyleI. Hijazi, V. Ebert, A. Donaubauer, T. H. Kolbe. COMBINING URBAN METABOLISM METHODS AND SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODELS. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. 2018; XLII-4/W10 ():63-70.
Chicago/Turabian StyleI. Hijazi; V. Ebert; A. Donaubauer; T. H. Kolbe. 2018. "COMBINING URBAN METABOLISM METHODS AND SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODELS." The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W10, no. : 63-70.
High-resolution 3D mesh models are an inexpensive and increasingly available data source for 3D models of cities and landscapes of high visual quality and rich geometric detail. However, because of their simple data structure, their analytic capabilites are limited. Semantic 3D city model contain rich thematic information and are well suited for analytics due to their deeply structured semantic data model. In this work an approach for the integration of semantic 3D city models with 3D mesh models is presented. The method is based on geometric distance measures between mesh triangles and semantic surfaces and a region growing approach using plane fitting. The resulting semantic segmentation of mesh triangles is stored in a CityGML data set, to enrich the semantic model with an additional detailed geometric representation of its surfaces and a broad range of unrepresented features like technical building installations, balconies, dormers, chimneys, and vegetation. The potential of the approach is demonstrated on the example of a solar potential analysis, which estimation quality is significantly improved due to the mesh integration. The impact of the method is quantified on a case study using open data from the city of Helsinki.
B. Willenborg; M. Pültz; T. H. Kolbe. INTEGRATION OF SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODELS AND 3D MESH MODELS FOR ACCURACY IMPROVEMENTS OF SOLAR POTENTIAL ANALYSES. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences 2018, XLII-4/W10, 223 -230.
AMA StyleB. Willenborg, M. Pültz, T. H. Kolbe. INTEGRATION OF SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODELS AND 3D MESH MODELS FOR ACCURACY IMPROVEMENTS OF SOLAR POTENTIAL ANALYSES. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. 2018; XLII-4/W10 ():223-230.
Chicago/Turabian StyleB. Willenborg; M. Pültz; T. H. Kolbe. 2018. "INTEGRATION OF SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODELS AND 3D MESH MODELS FOR ACCURACY IMPROVEMENTS OF SOLAR POTENTIAL ANALYSES." The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W10, no. : 223-230.
In most smart city projects, multiple stakeholders and companies are involved who use their own sensors and IoT devices which are managed by different platforms and APIs. However, in order to work within a common operational framework, it is unlikely that all of the stakeholders would be willing to use a common platform. Sensor web infrastructures play a key role in providing interoperability between heterogeneous sensor observations and platforms. Such infrastructures always require a data storage to store sensor data and their observations. It can be an issue as not all stakeholders would be willing to inject their proprietary data into a third-party data storage in the sensor web. In this paper, we introduce a new lightweight web service called InterSensor Service allowing users to simply connect to multiple IoT platforms and databases and retrieving their observations without worrying about data storage and the multitude of different APIs. The service encodes these observations using standardized external interfaces such as the OGC Sensor Observation Service and SensorThings API. We have developed a Java based implementation of the InterSensor Service, which is being offered free as open source software. The service is already being used in smart city projects and one application for the district Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in London is shown in this paper.
Kanishk Chaturvedi; Thomas H. Kolbe. InterSensor Service: Establishing Interoperability over Heterogeneous Sensor Observations and Platforms for Smart Cities. 2018 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2) 2018, 1 -8.
AMA StyleKanishk Chaturvedi, Thomas H. Kolbe. InterSensor Service: Establishing Interoperability over Heterogeneous Sensor Observations and Platforms for Smart Cities. 2018 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2). 2018; ():1-8.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKanishk Chaturvedi; Thomas H. Kolbe. 2018. "InterSensor Service: Establishing Interoperability over Heterogeneous Sensor Observations and Platforms for Smart Cities." 2018 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2) , no. : 1-8.
Information mined from building information models as well as associated geographical data and Geographic Information System (GIS) analyses can increase the success of construction processes and asset management, including buildings, roads, and public facilities. The integration of information from both domains requires high expertise in both spheres. The existing B.Sc and M.Sc. programs linked to the built environment at the Technical University of Munich offer courses for the Building Information Model (BIM) and GIS that are distributed among study programs in Civil Engineering, Architecture, and Geomatics. Students graduating as professionals in one of these domains rarely know how to solve pre-defined technical problems associated with the integration of information from BIM and GIS. Students in such programs seldom practice skills needed for the integration of information from BIM and GIS at a level that is needed in working life. Conversely, the technologies in both domains create artificial boundaries that do not exist in reality—for example, water and electricity would not be of use if the utilities terminated in front of buildings. To bring a change and bridge the gap between BIM and GIS, a change in the teaching methods of BIM/GIS needs to be considered. The Technical University of Munich (TUM) has developed a master’s course (M.Sc. course) for students in Geoinformatics which focuses on competencies required to achieve BIM/GIS integration. This paper describes the course development process and provides a unique perspective on the curriculum and subjects. It also presents the course objective, course development, the selection and development of learning materials, and the assessment of the intended learning outcome of the course. The developed course is validated through a questionnaire, and feedback is provided by participants of the BIM/GIS integration workshop representing a panel of experts in the domain.
Ihab Hijazi; Andreas Donaubauer; Thomas H. Kolbe. BIM-GIS Integration as Dedicated and Independent Course for Geoinformatics Students: Merits, Challenges, and Ways Forward. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 2018, 7, 319 .
AMA StyleIhab Hijazi, Andreas Donaubauer, Thomas H. Kolbe. BIM-GIS Integration as Dedicated and Independent Course for Geoinformatics Students: Merits, Challenges, and Ways Forward. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2018; 7 (8):319.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIhab Hijazi; Andreas Donaubauer; Thomas H. Kolbe. 2018. "BIM-GIS Integration as Dedicated and Independent Course for Geoinformatics Students: Merits, Challenges, and Ways Forward." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 7, no. 8: 319.
Three-dimensional semantic city models are increasingly used for the analysis of large urban areas. Until now the focus has mostly been on buildings. Nonetheless many applications could also benefit from detailed models of public street space for further analysis. However, there are only few guidelines for representing roads within city models. Therefore, related standards dealing with street modelling are examined and discussed. Nearly all street representations are based on linear abstractions. However, there are many use cases that require or would benefit from the detailed geometrical and semantic representation of street space. A variety of potential applications for detailed street space models are presented. Subsequently, based on related standards as well as on user requirements, a concept for a CityGML-compliant representation of street space in multiple levels of detail is developed. In the course of this process, the CityGML Transportation model of the currently valid OGC standard CityGML2.0 is examined to discover possibilities for further developments. Moreover, a number of improvements are presented. Finally, based on open data sources, the proposed concept is implemented within a semantic 3D city model of New York City generating a detailed 3D street space model for the entire city. As a result, 11 thematic classes, such as roadbeds, sidewalks or traffic islands are generated and enriched with a large number of thematic attributes.
C. Beil; T. H. Kolbe. CITYGML AND THE STREETS OF NEW YORK - A PROPOSAL FOR DETAILED STREET SPACE MODELLING. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences 2017, IV-4/W5, 9 -16.
AMA StyleC. Beil, T. H. Kolbe. CITYGML AND THE STREETS OF NEW YORK - A PROPOSAL FOR DETAILED STREET SPACE MODELLING. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. 2017; IV-4/W5 ():9-16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleC. Beil; T. H. Kolbe. 2017. "CITYGML AND THE STREETS OF NEW YORK - A PROPOSAL FOR DETAILED STREET SPACE MODELLING." ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-4/W5, no. : 9-16.
A city may have multiple CityGML documents recorded at different times or surveyed by different users. To analyse the city’s evolution over a given period of time, as well as to update or edit the city model without negating modifications made by other users, it is of utmost importance to first compare, detect and locate spatio-semantic changes between CityGML datasets. This is however difficult due to the fact that CityGML elements belong to a complex hierarchical structure containing multi-level deep associations, which can basically be considered as a graph. Moreover, CityGML allows multiple syntactic ways to define an object leading to syntactic ambiguities in the exchange format. Furthermore, CityGML is capable of including not only 3D urban objects’ graphical appearances but also their semantic properties. Since to date, no known algorithm is capable of detecting spatio-semantic changes in CityGML documents, a frequent approach is to replace the older models completely with the newer ones, which not only costs computational resources, but also loses track of collaborative and chronological changes. Thus, this research proposes an approach capable of comparing two arbitrarily large-sized CityGML documents on both semantic and geometric level. Detected deviations are then attached to their respective sources and can easily be retrieved on demand. As a result, updating a 3D city model using this approach is much more efficient as only real changes are committed. To achieve this, the research employs a graph database as the main data structure for storing and processing CityGML datasets in three major steps: mapping, matching and updating. The mapping process transforms input CityGML documents into respective graph representations. The matching process compares these graphs and attaches edit operations on the fly. Found changes can then be executed using the Web Feature Service (WFS), the standard interface for updating geographical features across the web.
S. H. Nguyen; Z. Yao; T. H. Kolbe. SPATIO-SEMANTIC COMPARISON OF LARGE 3D CITY MODELS IN CITYGML USING A GRAPH DATABASE. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences 2017, IV-4/W5, 99 -106.
AMA StyleS. H. Nguyen, Z. Yao, T. H. Kolbe. SPATIO-SEMANTIC COMPARISON OF LARGE 3D CITY MODELS IN CITYGML USING A GRAPH DATABASE. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. 2017; IV-4/W5 ():99-106.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. H. Nguyen; Z. Yao; T. H. Kolbe. 2017. "SPATIO-SEMANTIC COMPARISON OF LARGE 3D CITY MODELS IN CITYGML USING A GRAPH DATABASE." ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-4/W5, no. : 99-106.
Semantic 3D city models play an important role in solving complex real-world problems and are being adopted by many cities around the world. A wide range of application and simulation scenarios directly benefit from the adoption of international standards such as CityGML. However, most of the simulations involve properties, whose values vary with respect to time, and the current generation semantic 3D city models do not support time-dependent properties explicitly. In this paper, the details of solar potential simulations are provided operating on the CityGML standard, assessing and estimating solar energy production for the roofs and facades of the 3D building objects in different ways. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates how the time-dependent simulation results are better-represented inline within 3D city models utilizing the so-called Dynamizer concept. This concept not only allows representing the simulation results in standardized ways, but also delivers a method to enhance static city models by such dynamic property values making the city models truly dynamic. The dynamizer concept has been implemented as an Application Domain Extension of the CityGML standard within the OGC Future City Pilot Phase 1. The results are given in this paper.
K. Chaturvedi; B. Willenborg; M. Sindram; T. H. Kolbe. SOLAR POTENTIAL ANALYSIS AND INTEGRATION OF THE TIME-DEPENDENT SIMULATION RESULTS FOR SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODELS USING DYNAMIZERS. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences 2017, IV-4/W5, 25 -32.
AMA StyleK. Chaturvedi, B. Willenborg, M. Sindram, T. H. Kolbe. SOLAR POTENTIAL ANALYSIS AND INTEGRATION OF THE TIME-DEPENDENT SIMULATION RESULTS FOR SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODELS USING DYNAMIZERS. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. 2017; IV-4/W5 ():25-32.
Chicago/Turabian StyleK. Chaturvedi; B. Willenborg; M. Sindram; T. H. Kolbe. 2017. "SOLAR POTENTIAL ANALYSIS AND INTEGRATION OF THE TIME-DEPENDENT SIMULATION RESULTS FOR SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODELS USING DYNAMIZERS." ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-4/W5, no. : 25-32.
Computer-aided collaborative and multi-scale 3D planning are challenges for complex railway and subway track infrastructure projects in the built environment. Many legal, economic, environmental, and structural requirements have to be taken into account. The stringent use of 3D models in the different phases of the planning process facilitates communication and collaboration between the stake holders such as civil engineers, geological engineers, and decision makers. This paper presents concepts, developments, and experiences gained by an interdisciplinary research group coming from civil engineering informatics and geo-informatics banding together skills of both, the Building Information Modeling and the 3D GIS world. New approaches including the development of a collaborative platform and 3D multi-scale modelling are proposed for collaborative planning and simulation to improve the digital 3D planning of subway tracks and other infrastructures. Experiences during this research and lessons learned are presented as well as an outlook on future research focusing on Building Information Modeling and 3D GIS applications for cities of the future.
M. Breunig; A. Borrmann; E. Rank; Stefan Hinz; T. Kolbe; M. Schilcher; R.-P. Mundani; J. R. Jubierre; M. Flurl; A. Thomsen; A. Donaubauer; Y. Ji; S. Urban; S. Laun; S. Vilgertshofer; B. Willenborg; M. Menninghaus; H. Steuer; S. Wursthorn; J. Leitloff; M. Al-Doori; N Mazroobsemnani. COLLABORATIVE MULTI-SCALE 3D CITY AND INFRASTRUCTURE MODELING AND SIMULATION. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences 2017, XLII-4/W4, 341 -352.
AMA StyleM. Breunig, A. Borrmann, E. Rank, Stefan Hinz, T. Kolbe, M. Schilcher, R.-P. Mundani, J. R. Jubierre, M. Flurl, A. Thomsen, A. Donaubauer, Y. Ji, S. Urban, S. Laun, S. Vilgertshofer, B. Willenborg, M. Menninghaus, H. Steuer, S. Wursthorn, J. Leitloff, M. Al-Doori, N Mazroobsemnani. COLLABORATIVE MULTI-SCALE 3D CITY AND INFRASTRUCTURE MODELING AND SIMULATION. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. 2017; XLII-4/W4 ():341-352.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Breunig; A. Borrmann; E. Rank; Stefan Hinz; T. Kolbe; M. Schilcher; R.-P. Mundani; J. R. Jubierre; M. Flurl; A. Thomsen; A. Donaubauer; Y. Ji; S. Urban; S. Laun; S. Vilgertshofer; B. Willenborg; M. Menninghaus; H. Steuer; S. Wursthorn; J. Leitloff; M. Al-Doori; N Mazroobsemnani. 2017. "COLLABORATIVE MULTI-SCALE 3D CITY AND INFRASTRUCTURE MODELING AND SIMULATION." The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W4, no. : 341-352.
This paper demonstrates how linked data can be used to provide a semantically rich connection between the domains of building information modeling (BIM) and geographic information systems (GIS). Expertise from both domains is necessary for the planning of infrastructure projects such as roads, tunnels, bridges, and railways, as these projects usually require the consideration of widely diverging scales. As BIM and GIS rely on different types of data modeling standards, a conversion between the data models will inevitably result in data loss. To overcome this problem, we propose to utilize the concept of Linked Data which allows the original data to coexist and provide coherence by establishing references between the corresponding entities of both standards. The approach is illustrated using exemplary models of shield tunnels in both, the IFC and the CityGML format.
S. Vilgertshofer; J. Amann; B. Willenborg; A. Borrmann; T. H. Kolbe. Linking BIM and GIS Models in Infrastructure by Example of IFC and CityGML. Computing in Civil Engineering 2017 2017, 1 .
AMA StyleS. Vilgertshofer, J. Amann, B. Willenborg, A. Borrmann, T. H. Kolbe. Linking BIM and GIS Models in Infrastructure by Example of IFC and CityGML. Computing in Civil Engineering 2017. 2017; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Vilgertshofer; J. Amann; B. Willenborg; A. Borrmann; T. H. Kolbe. 2017. "Linking BIM and GIS Models in Infrastructure by Example of IFC and CityGML." Computing in Civil Engineering 2017 , no. : 1.
Semantic 3D city models describe city entities by objects with thematic and spatial attributes and their interrelationships. Today, more and more cities worldwide are representing their 3D city models according to the CityGML standard issued by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). Various application areas of 3D city models such as urban planning or architecture require that authorities or stakeholders manage parallel alternative versions of city models and their evolution over time, which is currently not supported by the CityGML standard 2.0. In this paper, we propose a concept and a data model extending CityGML by denoting versions of models or model elements as planning alternatives. We support transitions between these versions to manage history or evolution of the city models over time. This approach facilitates the interoperable integration and exchange of different versions of a 3D city model within one dataset, including a possibly complex history of a repository. Such an integrated dataset can be used by different software systems to visualize and work with all the versions. The versions and version transitions in our proposed data model are bi-temporal in nature. They are defined as separate feature types, which allow the users to manage versioning and to perform queries about versions using an OGC Web Feature Service. We apply this data model to a use case of planning concurrent versions and demonstrate it with example instance data. The concept is general in the sense that it can be directly applied to other GML-based application schemas including the European INSPIRE data themes and national standards for topography and cadasters like the British Ordnance Survey Mastermap or the German cadaster standard ALKIS.
Kanishk Chaturvedi; Carl Stephen Smyth; Gilles Gesquiere; Tatjana Kutzner; Thomas H. Kolbe. Managing Versions and History Within Semantic 3D City Models for the Next Generation of CityGML. Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography 2016, 191 -206.
AMA StyleKanishk Chaturvedi, Carl Stephen Smyth, Gilles Gesquiere, Tatjana Kutzner, Thomas H. Kolbe. Managing Versions and History Within Semantic 3D City Models for the Next Generation of CityGML. Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography. 2016; ():191-206.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKanishk Chaturvedi; Carl Stephen Smyth; Gilles Gesquiere; Tatjana Kutzner; Thomas H. Kolbe. 2016. "Managing Versions and History Within Semantic 3D City Models for the Next Generation of CityGML." Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography , no. : 191-206.