Octacalcium phosphate (OCP) is a material from the calcium phosphate group with a crystal structure similar to hydroxyapatite. The removal process of lead and cadmium in aqueous solution using octacalcium phosphate material was investigated. OCP material was synthesized by the solution precipitation method. The structural and phase properties of OCP before and after the removal process were determined by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) method. Microstructural and semi-quantitative analysis of the material was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Characteristic bands and functional group determination were revealed using the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR). As target pollutants, Cd(II) and Pb(II) were chosen in adsorption experiments. Results show that OCP in the first 10 min has a very fast removal rate for Pb(II); the equilibrium state was reached after 10 min with more than 98 % adsorption efficiency. Results for Cd(II), results showed the same removal rate but somewhat lower adsorption efficiency, amounted to approximately 63 %.

This study aimed to investigate the kinetic properties of methylene blue adsorption on carbon cryogel samples and nitrogen-doped and nitrogen-and-sulfur-co-doped carbon cryogel. Nitrogen and sulfur were incorporated into the carbon structure to enhance surface, electronic and textural properties. Methylene blue, a widely utilized dye in the textile industry, has become one of the most commonly detected substances in water systems. Experimental data were fitted with four kinetic models and showed excellent fits with the linear pseudo-second-order model. The results indicated that doping with nitrogen and sulfur did not significantly affect the adsorption of methylene blue.

Main goal of this work was to show adsorption efficiency of pure brushite material for heavy metals removal i.e. Pb2+ and Ni2+ from polluted water. The brushite material was synthesized by a simple solution-precipitation method, guided by green chemistry principles. The obtained material was investigated by XRD and SEM-EDS methods. The results of adsorption showed that lead removal efficiency goes up to 90%, while for nickel was about 20%. Obtained result showed that synthesized material can be successfully used as adsorbent for lead removal from tailings waters.

This research investigates sustainable water treatment by evaluating competitive adsorption of Zn, Cd, and Hg using nitrogen-doped and nitrogen co-doped carbon cryogels. The synthesized materials exhibited high specific surface areas (up to 1530 m²/g) and a maximum multicomponent adsorption capacity of 1.03 mmol/g for the CCNS₃ sample. The practical applicability of these adsorbents was successfully validated in a real water sample, achieving up to 93% removal efficiency for the investigated metals despite the presence of background ions. Kinetic analysis confirmed that the adsorption process was predominantly controlled by the pseudo-second-order model while intraparticle diffusion modeling revealed a multi-stage adsorption process in which N, S co-doping significantly accelerated the initial mass transfer. The extended Sips isotherm best described multicomponent adsorption, indicating heterogeneous multi-site adsorption on sample surfaces. Concurrently, FTIR spectroscopy and DFT modeling confirmed a dual mode mechanism: while physisorption occurs on basal planes (E_ads > −0.8 eV, no charge transfer), the adsorption energy increases significantly at structural defects (N- and S-defects: E_ads < −2 eV, significant charge transfer). Excellent reusability properties of samples were confirmed over four consecutive adsorption–desorption cycles. These findings present a highly sustainable approach for competitive heavy metal removal establishing tailored doped and co-doped carbon cryogels as efficient, robust and reusable adsorbents.

In this paper, we describe using computational calculations in order to better understand carbon nanomaterials as drug carriers. The unique physicochemical properties of materials at the nanoscale have opened a plethora of opportunities for applications in the pharmaceutical and medical fields. To analyze drug loading, a 3D model is necessary, and a Monte Carlo simulation can be used to generate it. Monte Carlo simulations can predict the structure of polymer connected to the CNT, analyze the factors affecting it from a microscopic perspective and provide a basis for the structural design of carbon material. To extrapolate interactions that lead to its structure and analyze potential spots for drug carrier-drug interactions, this way generated model was analyzed in DS Visualizer. Results yielded a 3D model that can be used in further work for docking simulations of binding the drug molecules onto the carrier.