Objectives: Many patients with cancer receive chemotherapy alongside glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) to manage type 2 diabetes or obesity. However, both GLP-1 RA and platinum-based chemotherapies can cause upper gastrointestinal (GI) adverse effects (AE) such as nausea and vomiting. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of GLP-1 RA use in patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy, focusing on GI AE incidence, risk factors, and treatment outcomes. Methods: This single-center study retrospectively reviewed patients who were treated with a platinum-based therapy and concurrent GLP-1 RA and developed symptoms of upper GI AE. Results: The study included 200 patients. Upper GI adverse events occurred in 126 patients. Compared with patients without GI AE, patients with GI AE received fewer doses of platinum therapy (median: 2.5 vs. 5, P <0.0001) and had higher all-cause mortality (40.5% vs. 25.7%, P =0.034), shorter follow-up (median: 1.5 vs. 2.7 y, P <0.0001), and a higher rate of hypothyroidism (35.1% vs. 20.6%, P =0.025). GI AEs were treated with 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in 123 (99.2%) patients and corticosteroids in 5 (4.0%). GI AE symptoms lasted a median of 42.5 days; 92.7% achieved clinical remission of GI AE. Twenty-one (16.7%) patients required hospitalization for GI AE, of whom 4 required rehospitalization. Platinum analogs were discontinued in 72 (57.1%) patients and resumed in 57 (79.2%). GLP-1 RA was discontinued in 11 (8.7%) patients. Conclusions: Most patients receiving GLP-1 RA and platinum-based chemotherapy developed mild GI AE that responded to conservative management.

Esophageal cancer cases are predicted to reach 957,000 by 2040. Prior mortality rates average 6.5% in men and 2.2% in women, with a poor 5-year prognosis of 20%. A deficiency in screening guidelines, an incomplete understanding of pathophysiology, and limited treatment options contributed to this poor prognosis. Now, as technology and knowledge evolve, endoscopy serves a primary role in improving morbidity and mortality around esophageal cancer, in which early detection and treatment play a profound role. Advances in diagnostic modalities, including higher frequency ultrasound, acquisition of larger specimens, and nodal characterization, all improve esophageal cancer diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning. This is primarily due to earlier detection of precursor lesions, eradication with complete resection, and more informed surveillance. Prior management with esophagectomy has now evolved to include endoscopic submucosal dissection, mucosal resection, ablation, stent placement, fiducial markers for radiotherapy, sponge vacuum, and more. These endoluminal remedies are curative, palliative, or post-intervention solutions, thereby reducing the surgical risk, morbidity, and mortality associated with esophageal cancer. This review article details the diagnostic and therapeutic role of endoscopy in esophageal cancer.