Antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide problem causing serious health threats. Escherichia coli is one of the most important bacteria that causes resistance problem. These bacteria produce an enzyme called extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) that allows it to become resistant to a wide variety of penicillins and cephalosporins. Currently, no information or published studies on ESBL-producing E.coli in broilers are available in the Philippines. This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and distribution of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-encoding genes, blaCTX-M, blaSHV, and blaTEM, among E. coli isolates from broiler farms in Luzon, Philippines. Results showed a farm prevalence of 66. 67%. A total of 69 (44.23%) ESBL-producing E. coli were isolated from boot swabs and cloacal swab samples from broiler farms. All major blaCTX-M groups except blaCTX-M-25 group were identified in the isolates. The most prevalent group was blaCTX-M-1, 72.46% (CI: 60.38–82.54%), followed by blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-9 group and blaCTX-M-8. The blaTEM and blaSHV genes were identified in 57.97 and 27.54% of isolates, respectively. The blaCTX-M and blaTEM were the most common gene combinations (33.33%). Coexistence of blaCTX-M types was observed in 50 (73.53%) isolates. This study shows the high prevalence, diversity of patterns and coexistence of ESBL genes in the E. coli isolates from cloacal and boot swabs from broiler farms which pose risks of possible transmission to the environment, other animals and human.

This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence, antibiogram, and resistance profile of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) isolates from healthy pigs and pig farms in Luzon, Philippines. A total of 162 rectal samples from healthy finisher and breeder pigs and boot swab samples from pig houses were collected from 54 randomly selected pig farms. Bacteria were isolated and screened using MacConkey agar plate supplemented with 1 mg/L cefotaxime. Identification of bacteria and antimicrobial susceptibility test were carried out through Vitek ^® 2 and combined disk test. PCR amplifications were carried out in all isolates targeting bla _CTX-M and its five major groupings, bla _TEM , and bla _SHV . The farm prevalence of ESBL-EC was 57.41% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 43.21–70.77). A total of 48 (29.63%) ESBL-EC isolates were isolated from samples that showed 14 different phenotypic multidrug resistance patterns. The prevalence of bla _CTX-M gene was 91.67% (95% CI = 80.02–97.68). All major bla _CTX-M-groups except bla _{CTX-M-25group} were detected. The bla _CTX-M-1 was the most prevalent bla _CTX-M gene, 75.0% (95% CI = 60.40–86.36). The prevalence of bla _TEM and bla _SHV genes was 91.67% (95% CI = 80.02–97.68) and 60.42% (95% CI = 45.27–74.23), respectively. Coexistence of different bla _CTX-M , bla _TEM , and bla _SHV genes was observed in 44 isolates with 20 different genotypic patterns. High prevalence, diverse antibiogram profile, and genotypic resistance pattern of ESBL-EC isolates from healthy pigs and pig farms were observed in this study that could result in possible transmission to farm workers, susceptible bacteria, and the environment.

This study was conducted to determine the ultrasonographic features of the liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidneys, and urinary bladder of 24 apparently healthy male and female long-tailed macaques (LTM) and the correlations of organ measurements with body weight and crown–rump length. The animals were grouped into 12 males and 12 females. Examination was performed in sedated LTM using an ultrasound machine with 6.0 MHz microconvex scanner. Ultrasound appearance, dimensions, and echotexture of the liver, gallbladder, kidneys, spleen, and urinary bladder were evaluated. The results showed that there were no sex-related differences in echo mean values, thickness, and length of the selected abdominal organs. The liver was hypoechoic to isoechoic with the right renal cortex, while spleen was isoechoic to hyperechoic to left renal cortex. Spleen was hypoechoic to isoechoic to the liver. Gallbladder and urinary bladder had hypoechoic to hyperechoic thin wall with anechoic lumen. There was a statistically significant and moderate positive correlation between the volume of the left kidney and body weight. The right kidney volume was greater than the left kidney and the total renal volume had a statistically significant and moderate positive correlation with body weight. This study established the reference values for ultrasonographic features of selected abdominal organs of rescued LTM.