Carbon source limitation is a critical factor restricting the treatment efficiency of domestic wastewater by algae–bacteria consortia. Using agricultural waste as an external carbon source to enhance purification performance holds significant potential. This study investigated the effects of peanut shell powder (PSP) on wastewater treatment in algae–bacteria consortia. The results demonstrated that the optimal PSP dosage (2 mg/L) improved the removal efficiencies of TN, TP, and COD by 29.6%, 40.9%, and 18.7%, respectively. In contrast, excessive PSP reduced the removal performance. The primary mechanism by which PSP influenced the algae–bacteria consortia involved changes in microbial biomass and community structure. An optimal PSP dosage promoted the proliferation of the dominant algal species, Chlorella, enhanced photosynthetic activity, and increased the relative abundance of Rhodanobacter, known for its effective degradation of benzene compounds. Conversely, excessive PSP caused microbial cell rupture, inhibited Chlorella growth and photosynthesis, and elevated the abundance of Microcystis and Brevundimonas, which pose significant health risks. In conclusion, PSP can improve effluent quality and safety in algae–bacteria consortia, which represents a green, economical pathway for optimizing wastewater treatment processes.

Glycosylation, a dynamic modification prevalent in viruses and higher eukaryotes, is principally regulated by uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) in plants. Although UGTs are involved in plant defense responses, their responses to most pathogens, especially plant viruses, remain unclear. Here, we aimed to identify UGTs in the whole genome of Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) and to analyze their function in Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV) infection. A total of 147 NbUGTs were identified in N. benthamiana. To conduct a phylogenetic analysis, the UGT protein sequences of N. benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana were aligned. The gene structure and conserved motifs of the UGTs were also analyzed. Additionally, the physicochemical properties and predictable subcellular localization were examined in detail. Analysis of cis-acting elements in the putative promoter revealed that NbUGTs were involved in temperature, defense, and hormone responses. The expression levels of 20 NbUGTs containing defense-related cis-acting elements were assessed in CWMV-infected N. benthamiana, revealing a significant upregulation of 8 NbUGTs. Subcellular localization analysis of three NbUGTs (NbUGT12, NbUGT16 and NbUGT17) revealed their predominant localization in the cytoplasm of N. benthamiana leaves, and NbUGT12 was also distributed in the chloroplasts. CWMV infection did not alter the subcellular localization of NbUGT12, NbUGT16, and NbUGT17. Transient overexpression of NbUGT12, NbUGT16, and NbUGT17 enhanced CWMV infection, whereas the knockdown of NbUGT12, NbUGT16 and NbUGT17 inhibited CWMV infection in N. benthamiana. These NbUGTs could serve as potential susceptibility genes to facilitate CWMV infection. Overall, the findings throw light on the evolution and function of NbUGTs.