Traumatic brain injury (TBI) initiates a complex cascade of pathophysiological events that have far-reaching consequences beyond the initial injury. This review examines the current state of the literature on the mechanisms underlying neurotrauma and neuroinflammation, with particular emphasis on the molecular cross-talk between these disparate pathways that ultimately precipitates the development of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). We integrate this mechanistic knowledge with potential diagnostic biomarkers, such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neurofilament light chain (NfL), and ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), and advances in neuroimaging and machine learning-based predictive tools. Finally, we discuss the current therapeutic approaches under investigation, and highlight which molecular targets have yet to be explored for potential therapeutic development.

Pedometer data has been historically used as a metric of early mobilization and functional recovery after spine surgery. Wearable pedometers augment traditional patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) after spine surgery. We aimed to synthesize current findings of studies that measured changes in step counts before and after spine surgery, to re-examine the utility of pedometer data as a meaningful recovery metric. A scoping review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA-ScR guidelines. PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were searched from inception to March 2025. Articles were independently screened and extracted for relevant data. Of 378 records, 18 studies (n=677) met the inclusion criteria. Procedures included decompression (n=8), fusion (n=5), adolescent idiopathic scoliosis posterior fusion (n=3), and multi-level deformity surgery (n=2). Devices included Fitbit, ActiGraph, Mi Band, Apple Health, ActivPal3, MetaMotionC, and a miniature inertial measurement unit. Across procedures, step counts fell sharply in the first postoperative weeks (up to -70%) and returned to or exceeded baseline within 6–12 months; adolescent patients recovered fastest (median 4 weeks). Higher preoperative activity and early postoperative gains predicted superior pain and functional scores in several cohorts, whereas correlations between absolute step counts and PROMs were inconsistent. Reported device-related or monitoring-related adverse events were negligible. Step count monitoring reliably captures recovery trajectory after spine operations and shows preliminary promise as a prognostic marker. Moderate correlations were found between step count data and operation efficacy. Standardizing sensor choice, sampling windows, and analytic endpoints are essential for integrating pedometer data into perioperative care and rehabilitation.

This study analyzes and compares the performance of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) in several major countries during the course of the global COVID-19 pandemic. It provides a comprehensive evaluation of how the varying REIT markets and sectors responded to unprecedented economic challenges. Several forms of financial analysis were utilized throughout the study. The Fama-French Three-Factor Model was used to investigate at the degree of influence of underlying factors in the REIT market; Cumulative Abnormal Return (CAR) highlights the summative deviation of returns from normal performance of the market. The research findings offer valuable insights for both REIT managers and individual investors; these insights highlight the effectiveness of different strategies in weathering the pandemic and provide actionable recommendations for improving financial resilience in future economic crises.