Our work was devoted to studying the effect of different concentrations of Mentha spicata aqueous extract on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in order to obtain the most effective of these concentrations for bacteria inhibitory activity. Different concentrations of the aqueous M. spicata extract (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00mM) were used as biological solvent to synthesize AgNPs by means of the reduction method. The crystal structure and morphology of the NPs were characterized UVvis spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The inhibition effect of AgNPs on Escherichia coli was studied to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The dark yellow color of the M. spicata extract aqueous solution indicates the successful synthesis of the AgNPs. UV spectra of the NPs show a gradual increase in absorption with increasing concentration of aqueous M. spicata extract solution from 0.25 to 1.00mM, accompanied by a shift in the wavelength from 455 to 479nm along with a change in the nanoparticle size from 31 to 9nm. The tests also showed a high activity of the particles against bacteria (E. coli) ranging between 15.6 and 62.5µg/ml. From the AgNPs, it was confirmed that aqueous M. spicata extract is an effective biosolvent for the synthesis of different sizes of AgNPs according to the solvent concentration. The AgNPs also proved effectual for the killing of bacteria.

This work examined the effects of varied concentrations of Ocimum basilicum and Mentha spicata aqueous extracts in order to determine the concentration that has the strongest antibacterial impact through the green synthesis technique of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). In order to synthesize AgNPs using the reduction method, different quantities of reducing and stabilizing agents: (a) 0.75 mM Ocimum basilicum and 0.25 mM Mentha spicata; (b) 0.5 Mentha spicata and 0.5 mM Ocimum basilicum; and (c) 0.25 mM Ocimum basilicum and 0.75 mM Mentha spicata were utilized. X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and UV–vis spectra were used to analyze AgNPs' crystal structure and shape. The antibacterial potency of E. coli ATCC 35218 was investigated utilizing AgNPs employing the well diffusion, MBC, MIC, and the time-kill curve. Ocimum basilicum water solution's dark yellow hue denotes the completion of the AgNPs' synthesis. As the aqueous Ocimum basilicum solution concentration increases between 0.25 and 0.75 mM, the AgNPs' UV spectra show a gradually increasing absorption. This, in turn, caused the nanoparticle size to alter from 73.57 to 89.05 nm and the wavelength to change from 468 to 474 nm. The experiments also revealed that the nanoparticles had a significantly antibacterial activity against E. coli, of the sample prepared with 1 mM Ocimum basilicum. Based on the synthesis of AgNPs, it has been shown that an aqueous extract of Ocimum basilicum outperforms Mentha spicata as a powerful reducing agent and stabilizing agent for the production AgNPs in various sizes. This is true regardless of the solvent content.

Despite several attempts to enhance the electrical and charge carrier transport characteristics of porous silicon (PSi), the requisite conditions for optimally synthesizing n-PSi with appealing optoelectronic properties are yet to be achieved. Therefore, this research explores the effect of the chemical ratio of precursor materials (HF:C₂H₆O:H₂O₂) on the surface morphology, crystalline structure, and optical and electric properties of PSi. The PSi was produced by photoelectrochemical etching followed by anodization of the n-type Si under light illumination. The properties of the as-prepared PSi were studied by means of microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. The HF:C₂H₆O:H₂O₂ chemical ratio was optimized at 2:1:1. A metalsemiconductormetal (MSM) ultraviolet photodetector (Pt/n-PSi/Pt) was fabricated, which exhibited high performances under UV light (365nm) illumination. The photodetector was shown to be highly stable and reliable with a rapid rise time of 0.56s at a bias voltage of 5V. The MSM photodetector displayed responsivity (R_p) of 9.17A/m at 365nm, which significantly exceeds the values reported for TiC/porous Si/Si in some contemporary research. The photodetector fabricated from n-PSi, synthesized at an optimum chemical ratio (2:1:1) exhibited the best photodetection performance, possibly due to the high porosity and defect-free state of the n-PSi thin films.

Recently, noble metal nanoparticle synthesis has become more advanced thanks to the growth of nanotechnology. The abundance and diversity of the biomolecules that function as capping and reducing agents in biological synthesis methods make them more advantageous than other traditional synthesis techniques in terms of cost and safety. Due to their safety and environmental friendliness, biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) show potential uses in a variety of disciplines. The results of reported studies on the green synthesis of Ag NPs employing various stem, fruit, and seed components have been compiled together with their effects on the morphological characteristics. This review is crucial for figuring out how to synthesize Ag NPs in a method that is regulated, less expensive, and ecologically benign.

Fungal infections constitute a major global health concern, with annual mortality rates exceeding those of tuberculosis and malaria. This troubling situation has been exacerbated by the emergence of multidrug-resistant fungal strains, which have significantly undermined the effectiveness of current treatments. A number of antifungal medicines are now being utilised in clinical practice. Some of these treatments include azoles, polyenes, pyrimidines, and echinocandins. However, the therapeutic efficacy of these drugs is becoming increasingly limited due to the presence of unwanted side effects, drug-drug interactions, and the rapid development of resistant fungal strains. This growing concern underscores the urgent need for novel antifungal drugs that are safer and more effective than those currently available. Chalcone compounds, whether they are natural or synthetic, have demonstrated significant pharmacological potential due to their extensive range of biological activities. This can be mostly related to the presence of the reactive α, β-unsaturated carbonyl group that is characteristic of chalcones. Furthermore, thiophene is an important scaffold in medicinal chemistry owing to its diverse biological applications. This review article is structured into two main parts. The first part provides an overview of the synthesis of thiophene chalcone derivatives using conventional methods via the Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction, highlighting the reaction conditions, catalysts, solvent systems, time, and reported yields from recent studies. The second part presents a summary of thiophene chalcone derivatives evaluated over the past decade (2015-2025) for their antifungal properties, discussing the assays performed, fungal strains tested, and the overall biological outcomes reported.