Red sage (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) is a perennial herb containing various bioactive compounds that promote human health. In this study, single-factor experiments were first conducted, followed by the optimization of extraction conditions to maximize the saponin content from red sage root extracts. In the single-factor experiments, the highest saponin content (47.5 ± 0.88 mg/g) was obtained using 80% ethanol, a solvent-to-material ratio of 40:1 (mL/g), an extraction period of 3 h, and an extraction temperature of 60 °C. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was performed to optimize the extraction parameters with a material-to-solvent ratio of 41.31:1 (mL/g), an extraction temperature of 58.08 °C, and an extraction time of 3.16 h. Under these optimized conditions, the experimental saponin content reached 47.71 ± 0.15 mg/g. Additionally, crude extract of red sage exhibited antioxidant activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals with an IC₅₀ value of 16.24 µg/mL. This extract also demonstrated anticancer against 61.79 ± 3.57% HepG2 cancer cells at a concentration of 100 µg/mL.

Fusarium oxysporum is the causal agent of wilt in tomato, which is one of the most destructive fungal diseases. This fungal disease strain is an important mycotoxin producer that causes several negative effects on animal and human health. Bacteria, which are found in various natural environments including the rhizosphere soil displayed fungicidal activity against fungal phytopathogens. In our study, we investigated the antifungal activity of isolated bacteria which inhibited the growth of the plant pathogen F. oxysporum causing wilt disease in tomatoes. In total of 48 isolated bacterial strains, 9 strains showed antifungal activity against F. oxysporum using co-culture method. Two bacterial strains T1-4 and T10-1 exhibited strong antagonistic activity against fungal pathogen with control values of 50.8 and 48.6%, respectively. Furthermore, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of these two strains also inhibited the mycelial growth of F. oxysporum. In the 96-well plate assay, the culture filtrate of T1-4 showed the strongest antifungal activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.25%. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, T1-4 was identified as Bacillus sp.