In real-word applications, distributed generators (DGs) cooperate to accomplish the objectives of frequency restoration and active power sharing with time restrictions plays a crucial role in improving power quality of AC islanded microgrids. To address this issue, two novel distributed robust secondary control protocols, namely finite-time and fixed-time consensus algorithms, which subject to unknown external bounded disturbances are put forward. The main features of the proposed algorithms are distributed implementation, discrete control, asynchronous communication, and local computation. Take the event-triggered strategy into consideration, the developed algorithms have faster convergence speeds as long as the event-triggered parameters are limited in a certain range. Through Lyapunov synthesis, the conditions of maximum/off-line settling time for finite/fixed-time frequency restoration and active power sharing algorithms are first established. In addition, the detailed implementation process of distributed robust event-triggered control approach is provided. At the end of this paper, considerable amount of various simulations under the unified wide-time-scale framework are conducted to illustrate the performance of the proposed algorithms.

The distributed energy management technology based on communication channels plays an important role in the economic operation of the modern smart grid. However, the information exchange between participating agents, such as multiple heterogeneous generation devices and consumption loads, increases the risk of privacy leakage, which will reduce the optimization performance and even result in the collapse of the whole system. To address this issue, a novel optimal energy management strategy is proposed in this article with distributed consensus-based alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) algorithm and differential privacy scheme. The superior characteristics of the arranged strategy are: 1) can handle the cooperative optimal energy management problem of microgrids with conventional generators (CGs), battery energy storage stations (BESSs), wind turbines (WTs), and transmission loss and 2) can completely protect the privacy information of each agent from being stolen by neighboring nodes in the process of information interaction. At the end of this article, simulations are carried out on the modified IEEE 30-bus and simplified IEEE 118-bus systems to validate the developed differential privacy energy management strategy with distributed ADMM.

With the wide use of new energy and power electronic devices, the problem of low inertia of microgrid (MG) is becoming more and more prominent. In order to solve the problem, this article proposes an event-triggered secondary control strategy for distributed generalized droop control (GDC) considering time delay. First, a distributed event-triggered active power and frequency controllers are established based on GDC, and a distributed voltage controller is designed based on droop control. Second, due to the different frequency parameters of each distributed generator (DG), the tracking controller of frequency and frequency reference model is established by using heterogeneous multiagent theory. Third, the event-triggered function of communication between DGs is constructed, and the stability of the proposed controller is proved. The complicated Lyapunov equation is avoided in the proof process. Finally, the effectiveness of the controller is verified by simulation. The simulation results show that the controller effectively realizes the secondary adjustment of frequency and voltage, reduces the number of communications, and increases the inertia of MG.

The constraints of communication channel resources and control energies always lie in real networks, which bring large error and cause adverse affects on system performance, ultimately. To address these limitations, in this article, a distributed event-triggered impulsive control strategy for the consensus problem of fractional-order multiagent networks (FOMANs) is investigated. By collecting the local instantaneous access information, the distributed tracking algorithm with a novel triggering condition is proposed, which is available for both linear and nonlinear systems. Combining with general quadratic Lyapunov stability method and discontinuous control theory, the sufficient conditions of consensus in terms of gain parameter and impulsive interval are derived. Furthermore, the minimal length of interevent is proven to be strictly greater than zero, which guarantees the nonexistence of Zeno-behavior in the closed-loop system. In addition, the implementation of the fractional order algorithm, the quantitative relationship between fractional order $\alpha $ or parameter $a$ in the triggering function, and the number of event-triggered impulsive instants are discussed. At the end of this article, two illustrative examples with numerical and circuit simulations are provided to validate the effectiveness of above results.