During the last decade, feeding patterns, more specifically those of children, have worsened—affecting dietary habits and Mediterranean diet adherence. Here, we examine the post-pandemic feeding habits of Spanish toddlers. A total of 2465 parents of children aged between 12 and 36 months completed an online 25-item multiple-choice survey asking about dietary habits and Mediterranean diet adherence. Only 34 children (1.38%) had an adequate intake of all of the food groups included in the questionnaire. Adherence worsened as toddlers grew (p < 0.0001). Further, lower compliance was found in children with a higher intake of fast food (p < 0.001), those with siblings (p = 0.0045), and children who were the second or third child (p = 0.0005). The food group with the most commonly reported adequate intake was fish (88% of children), followed by pulses (80%), water (79%), and meat (78%). Cow’s milk was the most commonly consumed dairy product among all age groups analyzed. Half of the children exhibited a low consumption of milk and dairy products. These results showed that a lack of adherence to a balanced diet is common among Spanish toddlers in the post-pandemic period and that greater parent education could improve the nutrition of toddlers.

Currently, the field of primary care pediatrics faces various challenges and difficulties that pose a risk to the care of part of the pediatric population in Spain. In rural areas, these general difficulties of primary care compound the difficulties associated with the geographical dispersion of the population and the distance to referral hospitals. Various initiatives have emerged in recent years to try to alleviate this problem with varying degrees of success. In this article, we present the Pediatria dels Pirineus project, an innovative model designed for comprehensive pediatric care delivery in rural settings implemented in the western Catalan Pyrenees.

Primary care pediatrics presents a series of principles that can be useful in international health cooperation. Among these principles, accessibility, longitudinality, comprehensiveness, and a community-based approach stand out. The objective of this paper is to describe the experience of a pediatric cooperation project developed in the Mukuru slum (Nairobi, Kenya) and to reflect on the usefulness of these principles in vulnerable environments. This article describes the organizational characteristics of the project at the Pediatric and Maternal Unit of Mary Immaculate Clinic in Mukuru, its clinical activity, the community and training strategies implemented, as well as the activity statistics for the year 2025. Through the analysis of the specific characteristics of this project, it can be observed how the application of these primary care pediatric principles has led to favorable healthcare outcomes, although it has not been without a series of difficulties, which are also discussed. The concrete experience of this project suggests that primary care pediatrics can be effectively involved in international cooperation plans, contributing to the sustainable strengthening of child care in environments of high socioeconomic vulnerability.

Encephalocele is the herniation of brain structures through a bony defect in the skull. It is a rare condition and is primarily classified according to its anatomical location. We present the case of an infant with a frontoethmoidal encephalocele, whose definitive diagnosis was obtained through brain magnetic resonance imaging and who is awaiting possible surgical intervention. This case highlights the need to be aware of a rare condition such as encephalocele and to consider it in the differential diagnosis of cranial masses in childhood.

Revista Pediatría de Atención Primaria