Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) is a globally significant vegetable crop that faces productivity challenges due to fungal and bacterial pathogens. This review highlights the potential of spectral imaging techniques, specifically multispectral and hyperspectral methods, in detecting biotic stress in cabbage, with a particular emphasis on pathogen-induced responses. These non-invasive approaches enable real-time assessment of plant physiological and biochemical changes, providing detailed spectral data to identify pathogens before visible symptoms appear. Hyperspectral imaging, with its high spectral resolution, allows for distinctions among different pathogens and the evaluation of stress responses, whereas multispectral imaging offers broad-scale monitoring suitable for field-level applications. The work synthesizes research in the existing literature while presenting novel experimental findings that validate and extend current knowledge. Significant spectral changes are reported in cabbage leaves infected by Alternaria brassicae and Botrytis cinerea. Early-stage detection was facilitated by alterations in flavonoids (400–450 nm), chlorophyll (430–450, 680–700 nm), carotenoids (470–520 nm), xanthophyll (520–600 nm), anthocyanin (550–560 nm, 700–710 nm, 780–790 nm), phenols/mycotoxins (700–750 nm, 718–722), water/pigments content (800–900 nm), and polyphenols/lignin (900–1000). The findings underscore the importance of targeting specific spectral ranges for early pathogen detection. By integrating these techniques with machine learning, this research demonstrates their applicability in advancing precision agriculture, improving disease management, and promoting sustainable production systems.

The use of inducers of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is widely described in the literature. Such substances have important advantages over plant protection products (PPPs) and, thus, are often indicated as their alternatives. The main risk indicated in the context of the widespread use of SAR inducers is that of yield reduction that may result from the excessive metabolic imbalance of the treated plant. The general aim of the study presented was to check the effect of using a new active substance, namely N-methoxy-N-methylbenzo(1.2.3)thiadiazole-7-carboxamide (BTHWA), on tulips cultivated in greenhouse conditions. The plant response to BTHWA treatment was also analyzed in terms of the extent to which the growth–immunity phenomena would occur. Surprisingly, the application of BTHWA provided not only efficient protection against fusariosis but also resulted in the stimulation of the growth and development of tomato plants. The results proved very interesting as they stand in contrast to other results on SAR induction. The method of BTHWA application used in this study resulted in SAR induction at a level sufficient to provide effective protection and, at the same time, did not cause disruption to plant metabolism that would result in yield reduction.

Application of beneficial bacterial strain B125 (Enterobacter sp.) and strain PZ9 (Bacillus sp.) in lettuce transplants production significantly enhanced seed germination and plant biomass. The best effect was obtained when the mixture of B125 and PZ9 was used. Combined application of these bacteria significantly increased transplants biomass, which was about 45% higher than that in the control. However, after planting these transplants in organic field, generally, there were no differences in yield and nutrient content in plants treated and not treated with the bacteria, except for nitrogen and vitamin C. The lettuce grown from transplants treated with bacterial mixture B125 + PZ9 contained significantly higher nitrogen than plants from other treatments. Opposite to nitrogen, bacterial applications decreased the amount of vitamin C. The growth and organic lettuce composition was affected by planting time. The yield was higher in spring, but the concentration of nutrients in these plants was lower than that in plants harvested in autumn. Climatic and light conditions in the late season were the reasons for increased dry matter content, minerals, phenolic compounds, and vitamin C, as well as high concentration of nitrates

The aim of the field experiments carried out in 2011–2013 was to evaluate the usefulness of fungicides, natural products and a growth stimulator used in integrated protection against Alternaria leaf spot of Chinese cabbage (Alternaria spp.). The following products were evaluated: two fungicides – Amistar 250 SC and Signum 33 WG, the natural products – Timorex Gold 24 EC and a strawberry extract and a growth stimulator Huwa-San TR 50. The examined products showed high effectiveness in protection of Chinese cabbage against Alternaria leaf spot. Celem przeprowadzonych w latach 2011–2013 badań polowych było określenie przydatności fungicydów, środków naturalnych i stymulatora wzrostu w integrowanej ochronie kapusty pekińskiej przed czernią krzyżowych (Alternaria spp.). Przedmiotem badań były następujące środki: dwa fungicydy – Amistar 250 SC i Signum 33 WG, środki pochodzenia naturalnego – Timorex Gold 24 EC i ekstrakt z truskawek oraz stymulator wzrostu Huwa-San TR 50. Badane środki wykazały wysoką efektywność w integrowanej ochronie kapusty pekińskiej przed czernią krzyżowych.

The investigations were conducted at the Research Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewice in 2012−2014. The aim of the research was to evaluate the effect of pre-harvest protection with products: Amistar 250 SC (reference product), Silvit and Huwa-San TR 50 on control of soft root rot and quality and storage potential of celeriac roots. Celeriac plants were protected during the growing season and the last spraying was performed 7 days before harvest. After 7 months of storage characteristic symptoms of soft rot were observed and then evaluation of percentage of infected roots and percentage of marketable and unmarketable roots and decrease of weight were conducted. In the both seasons of investigations the product Silvit showed the best efficacy against soft rot during long storage in comparison to the reference product. There was the highest percentage of marketable roots too. In contrast the influence of Huwa-San TR 50 on soft rot gave inconsistent results. In the first year of investigation its effectiveness was higher than in the control, but next year its effectiveness was significantly lower. Celem badań prowadzonych w Instytucie Ogrodnictwa w latach 2012−2014 było określenie wpływu przedzbiorczej ochrony selera korzeniowego z zastosowaniem środków: Amistar 250 SC (środek referencyjny), Silvit i Huwa-San TR 50 na ograniczenie miękkiej zgnilizny oraz jakości i trwałości przechowalniczej korzeni spichrzowych w okresie długotrwałego przechowania. Selery były chronione przez cały okres wegetacji, przy czym ostatni zabieg wykonano 7 dni przed zbiorem. Po 7 miesiącach przechowania przeprowadzono ocenę porażenia korzeni przez sprawców miękkiej zgnilizny oraz określano procentowy udział korzeni handlowych i poniesione straty. W obydwu latach badań, najwyższą skutecznością ochrony korzeni spichrzowych selera przed miękką zgnilizną w czasie długotrwałego przechowywania oraz najwyższy plon handlowy w porównaniu do kombinacji kontrolnej wykazał środek Silvit. Natomiast wpływ dezyfektantu Huwa-San TR 50 na ograniczenie miękkiej zgnilizny zobrazowały rozbieżne wyniki. W pierwszym roku badań jego efektywność była wyższa niż w kontroli, natomiast w następnym, jego skuteczność była znacznie niższa.

The aim of field experiments carried out in 2012–2013 was to evaluate the usefulness of chemical fungicides, natural products, fertilizers and biological products used in integrated protection against septoria late blight of celery (Septoria apiicola Speg.). The following conventional fungicides: Amistar 250 SC and Signum 33 WG, natural products: Timorex Gold 24 EC, Beta-Chikol, extracts WS-15 TM, WS-16 FN and WS-1M, fertilizers: Viflo Cal S, Silvit, Actifos and biological product – Serenade were evaluated. The examined products showed high and very high effectiveness in protection of celery against septoria late blight. Celem przeprowadzonych w latach 2012–2013 badań polowych było określenie przydatności środków konwencjonalnych, pochodzenia naturalnego, nawozów dolistnych i środków biologicznych w integrowanej ochronie selera przed septoriozą (Septoria apiicola Speg.). Przedmiotem badań były następujące środki chemiczne: Amistar 250 SC i Signum 33 WG, środki pochodzenia naturalnego: Timorex Gold 24 EC, Beta-Chikol, ekstrakty WS-15 TM, WS-16 FN i WS-1M, nawozy dolistne: Viflo Cal S, Silvit, Actifos oraz środek biologiczny Serenade. Środki wykazały wysoką i bardzo wysoką skuteczność w integrowanej ochronie selera przed septoriozą.