Background and Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between Maresin-1 (MaR1), Chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1), and inflammatory as well as hematological markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and diabetic nephropathy (DN). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 90 participants divided into three groups: healthy controls (n = 30), patients with T2DM (n = 30), and patients with diabetic nephropathy (n = 30). The serum levels of MaR1 and CHI3L1 were measured using ELISA. Biochemical and hematological parameters were also assessed. Statistical comparisons were conducted using non-parametric tests, and correlations were analyzed via Spearman correlation. Results: Serum MaR1 levels were significantly higher in DN patients compared to both T2DM patients and controls (p < 0.01), while CHI3L1 levels were significantly lower in the DN group compared to controls (p = 0.007). MaR1 showed a positive correlation with CRP, BUN, and creatinine, and a negative correlation with GFR. CHI3L1 levels were positively correlated with GFR and negatively with BUN. Inflammatory markers such as CRP were elevated in the diabetic groups, while no significant differences were found in NLR values. Conclusions: Elevated MaR1 levels in DN patients and their correlation with renal dysfunction markers suggest that MaR1 may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker in diabetic nephropathy. The unexpected decrease in CHI3L1 levels in DN patients indicates the need for further research to clarify their role. These findings indicated that MaR1 and CHI3L1 should be further investigated in future studies as indicators for the early detection and monitoring of diabetic complications.

Aim Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection can cause chronic, intense inflammation of the gastric mucosa, which can lead to stomach cancer. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a dietary metabolite that increases HP virulence and inflammatory process. In this study, we aimed to find out how serum TMAO, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and pepsinogen levels are affected in patients with HP-induced chronic gastritis. Material and methods Forty-five age- and sex-matched patients diagnosed with chronic gastritis caused by H. Pylori and 45 healthy controls were included in this cross-sectional study. The diagnosis of H. Pylori-associated chronic gastritis was confirmed by endoscopy and biopsy. Serum TMAO, LPS, pepsinogen 1 and pepsinogen 2 levels were studied by the ELISA method. Results Serum TMAO level of patients with HP gastritis was 48.61 (2.29-120.66) and that of the control group was 7.89 (1.22–76.40). Serum TMAO levels were statistically significantly higher in patients with HP-related chronic gastritis than in the control group (p < 0.001). Serum LPS levels were statistically significantly higher in patients with HP-related chronic gastritis than in the control group (p = 0.008). Serum pepsinogen 1 levels were statistically significantly higher in patients with HP-related chronic gastritis than in the control group (p = 0.001). Conclusion The present study found elevated serum TMAO, LPS and pepsinogen 1 levels in patients with H. Pylori gastritis. These serum markers can be used as a non-invasive method in the evaluation of chronic gastritis infected with H. pylori.

Introduction: Thyroid nodules are common endocrine abnormalities, and increasing evidence suggests that metabolic factors may influence their development and growth. Dyslipidemia has been associated with thyroid nodules; however, the relationship between lipid parameters and quantitative nodule characteristics remains unclear. In particular, the association between non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and thyroid nodule size has not been sufficiently investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the association between serum lipid profile, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, and ultrasonographic characteristics of thyroid nodules, with particular emphasis on nodule diameter.Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Internal Medicine outpatient clinics of Elazığ Fethi Sekin City Hospital, between January 2022 and May 2025. The study population consisted of adult patients with at least one ultrasonographically confirmed thyroid nodule and concurrent laboratory measurements. Demographic, biochemical, and ultrasonographic data were retrospectively retrieved from electronic medical records. The largest nodule diameter, number of nodules, and morphology were recorded. Correlation and regression analyses were performed to evaluate associations between lipid parameters and thyroid nodule characteristics.Results: A total of 109 patients (81.7% female, mean age 48.17 ± 12.98 years) were included. Sixty-six patients had solid nodules and 43 had cystic nodules. Lipid parameters and TSH levels did not differ significantly between cystic and solid nodules. Nodule diameter showed weak but statistically significant positive correlations with TC (r = 0.207, p = 0.031), TG (r = 0.221, p = 0.021), and non-HDL-C (r = 0.240, p = 0.012), whereas LDL-C and HDL-C were not significantly correlated. In linear regression analysis using log-transformed diameter, TC (β = 0.029, p = 0.034), TG (β = 0.024, p = 0.010), and non-HDL-C (β = 0.038, p = 0.014) were significantly associated with larger nodule size, corresponding to approximately 2–4% increase in diameter per 10 mg/dL increment. None of the lipid parameters predicted solid versus cystic morphology in logistic regression models.Conclusion: Serum TC, TG, and non-HDL cholesterol were associated with larger thyroid nodule diameter, whereas they were not related to nodule morphology or number. These findings suggest that dyslipidemia may be linked primarily to growth-related characteristics of benign thyroid nodules rather than to their ultrasonographic structure. Larger prospective studies including metabolic and endocrine confounders are needed to clarify whether improving cardiometabolic status may influence the natural history of thyroid nodular disease.

Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection can cause chronic, intense inflammation of the gastric mucosa, which can lead to stomach cancer. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a dietary metabolite that increases HP virulence and inflammatory process. In this study, we aimed to find out how serum TMAO, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and pepsinogen levels are affected in patients with HP-induced chronic gastritis. Forty-five age- and sex-matched patients diagnosed with chronic gastritis caused by H. Pylori and 45 healthy controls were included in this cross-sectional study. The diagnosis of H. Pylori-associated chronic gastritis was confirmed by endoscopy and biopsy. Serum TMAO, LPS, pepsinogen 1 and pepsinogen 2 levels were studied by the ELISA method. Serum TMAO level of patients with HP gastritis was 48.61 (2.29-120.66) and that of the control group was 7.89 (1.22–76.40). Serum TMAO levels were statistically significantly higher in patients with HP-related chronic gastritis than in the control group (p < 0.001). Serum LPS levels were statistically significantly higher in patients with HP-related chronic gastritis than in the control group (p = 0.008). Serum pepsinogen 1 levels were statistically significantly higher in patients with HP-related chronic gastritis than in the control group (p = 0.001). The present study found elevated serum TMAO, LPS and pepsinogen 1 levels in patients with H. Pylori gastritis. These serum markers can be used as a non-invasive method in the evaluation of chronic gastritis infected with H. pylori.