Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized primarily by chronic relapsing intestinal inflammation, encompassing Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), affecting individuals across age groups with variable clinical manifestations. With the advancement of global industrialization, its incidence continues to rise, particularly in newly industrialized regions, which not only severely impairs patients' quality of life but also emerges as a major public health concern threatening digestive system health, accompanied by a substantial healthcare burden, thus necessitating the development of more effective and safer individualized treatment strategies. This review summarizes the pathogenesis of IBD, including intestinal mucosal immune dysregulation, intestinal barrier damage, gut microbiota dysbiosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis imbalance, and the complex crosstalk between genetic and environmental factors; however, clinical treatment still faces numerous challenges: 30%-40% of patients exhibit primary or secondary non-response to existing therapeutic regimens such as biologics and small-molecule drugs, and prolonged administration tends to induce significant side effects. Further integrated herein are emerging strategies such as ROS modulators, novel immune-targeted modulation, intestinal barrier repair agents, microbiota-directed interventions, multi-omics-based precision medicine, and artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted therapy, which represent key directions to address the limitations of traditional treatments. This article begins with an overview of basic pathological mechanisms and offers a comprehensive overview of relevant therapeutic approaches and future development directions, aiming to facilitate the transition of the field from traditional generalized therapies to personalized precision medicine and to bridge the long-standing gap between basic research and clinical practice.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic, non-specific intestinal inflammatory diseases. The treatment of IBD focuses on alleviating intestinal inflammation. However, traditional drug treatment methods are limited by the side effects of systemic therapy, poor targeting of oral administration, and low bioavailability at the site of inflammation. Fortunately, the application of nanomaterials in the intestine is expected to alleviate these problems. Nanomaterials have unique physicochemical properties and can be used for targeted drug delivery through the mucus layer. Moreover, they can also be engulfed by macrophages through endocytosis, thereby regulating the immune environment of the intestine and potentially altering drug properties. In addition, nanomaterials can be divided into organic nanomaterials and inorganic nanomaterials according to their properties. The functional groups in organic nanomaterials directly determine the characteristics and effects of these materials. Among them, aromatic rings enhance drug stability, improve drug solubility and targeting, and exert anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects, which are conducive to the innovation of IBD treatment. This paper focuses on the role of aromatic rings, briefly describes the current therapeutic status of organic nanomaterials in inflammatory bowel disease, and discusses the deficiencies of existing research as well as directions for future studies. This paper provides insights into understanding the influence of functional groups on nanomaterials.

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