Niniejszy przegląd ma na celu podsumowanie aktualnej wiedzy na temat strukturalnych zmian mózgu wśród osób z diagnozą zaburzenia używania gier komputerowych oraz wynikających z nich klinicznych implikacji. W przeglądzie zostaną ukazane modele teoretyczne psychologiczno-neurobiologiczne zaburzenia używania gier komputerowych w połączeniu z wynikami badań strukturalnych neuroobrazowania jak również związane z tym implikacje kliniczne. Dotychczasowe badania epidemiologiczne wskazują, że rozpowszechnienie zaburzenia używania gier w populacji może sięgać ok. 2%. Badacze wskazują, że etiopatogeneza zaburzenia używania gier komputerowych jest złożona i obejmuje czynniki psychologiczne, społeczne jak również neurologiczne oraz hormonalne. Z perspektywy badań psychologicznych eksplorujących zaburzenie używania gier można wnioskować, że człowiek posiada pewne określone cechy i/lub objawy psychopatologiczne, które poprzez czynniki mediujące, takie jak np. nieumiejętność radzenia sobie ze stresem, czy negatywnymi emocjami wpływają na kształtowanie się objawów zaburzenia. W kontekście neurobiologii uzależnień behawioralnych badacze zwracają uwagę na zaburzenia w obrębie mezokortykolimbicznego układu nagrody, który pozostaje pod wpływem dysfunkcjonalnych neuronalnych mechanizmów regulacji emocji oraz stresu. Badacze opisując zmiany struktrualne mózgu najczęściej raportują różnice w objętości istoty szarej, które obejmują obszary grzbietowo-bocznej kory przedczołowej, kory skroniowo-potylicznej, górne i tylne obszary kory ciemieniowej, przednią część kory zakrętu obręczy, móżdżek, korę wyspy, układ limbiczny i jądra podstawne.

Individuals with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) exhibit a significantly heightened risk of suicide, yet the contributing explanatory mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. This study aimed to examine a structural model linking perceived social support, emotion regulation, depressive symptoms, psychache, and suicide risk, and to assess whether clinical status (AUD vs. healthy controls, HC) moderated these links. A cross-sectional sample of 257 participants (AUD: n = 133; HC: n = 124) completed validated self-report measures. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was applied and multi-group analysis was used to examine model invariance between groups in terms of regression slopes, and moderated mediation tests whether indirect mechanisms were moderated by clinical status. Two indirect pathways significantly differed between groups. In the AUD group, perceived support from friends reduced psychache via decreased expressive suppression, and expressive suppression increased suicide risk via heightened psychache. These indirect effects were significantly stronger in AUD compared to HC. Invariance testing confirmed group-specific differences in structural path coefficients. The identification of an indirect pathway linking emotional suppression to suicide risk via psychache in individuals with AUD represents a novel finding with important clinical implications. Interventions should prioritise reducing emotional suppression and psychache, and enhancing social support. Longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the temporal and clinical significance of these mechanisms.

Introduction: Suicide is a major public health concern, particularly among people with alcohol use disorders (AUD). Rumination, as a dysfunctional emotion regulation strategy, and increased emotional reactivity may significantly influence suicide risk in this population.Aim: The aim of this study was to assess whether different emotional reactivity mediate the association between ruminations and suicide risk, and whether AUD or control group (HC) status moderates these relationships.Methods: A study was conducted with 152 participants, including 86 from AUD and 66 from HC. Self-report questionnaires measuring ruminations, emotional reactivity and suicide risk were used. Structural Equation Modeling, invariance analysis, and moderated mediation estimation were used in the analyses.Results: The mediation analysis in the full sample revealed a significant indirect effect of rumination on suicide risk via emotional reactivity. Multi-group analysis indicated no significant differences in the mediation effect between the AUD and HC groups, with neither group showing a statistically significant indirect effect.Conclusions: The findings indicate that emotional reactivity may serve as a key mechanism mediating the relationship between rumination and suicide risk. Therapeutic interventions should focus on reducing ruminations and emotion reactivity to effectively reduce suicide risk in this group. Further research is needed to better understand these mechanisms.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to validate the Polish version of the Somatosensory Amplification Scale (SSAS-PL) and examine its psychometric properties in clinical and non-clinical samples. Methods: The study included 1128 participants (711 healthy adults, 194 cardiac patients, 223 psychiatric patients). The analyses were categorized into exploratory and confirmatory phases. Exploratory analyses were conducted on a randomly selected sample that comprised 60% of the study participants (training sample) to estimate the reliability (Cronbach’s alpha) and factorial validity (EFA with varimax rotation). Confirmatory analyses were performed on an independent (test) sample that represented 40% of the total sample size to facilitate the cross-validation of the factor structure (CFA) and to assess the convergent and discriminant validities (using the HTMT method) in relation to health anxiety (SHAI) and psychopathological symptoms (KOFF-58). Additionally, measurement invariance was examined with respect to gender (female vs. male) and health status (healthy vs. clinical). Results: The SSAS-PL demonstrated good internal consistency (α = 0.75–0.78) after removing item 1. A one-factor structure showed the best fit and theoretical interpretability. The measurement invariance was supported across clinical groups. The SSAS-PL showed convergent validity with the measures of somatic symptoms, anxiety, and health anxiety. It demonstrated discriminant validity from other psychopathology measures. Conclusions: The SSAS-PL was a reliable and valid measure of somatosensory amplification in the Polish population. Its unidimensional structure aligned with most cross-cultural adaptations. The scale may be useful for assessing somatosensory amplification in both research and clinical settings in Poland. Further research on its utility in specific clinical populations is warranted.

Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is characterised by deficits in emotion regulation, yet the role of momentary variability in regulatory strategies for everyday affect remains unclear. This study examined whether higher between-strategy variability is associated with lower negative affect and higher positive affect, and whether these associations differ between individuals with AUD and healthy controls (HC). A total of 215 adults (109 AUD, 106 HC) participated in a seven-day Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA), completing six surveys per day and yielding 7549 observations. At each prompt, participants rated their negative affect, positive affect, and the use of seven common regulation strategies. Between-strategy variability was calculated as the standard deviation of strategy use within each assessment, controlling for mean strategy endorsement and the autocorrelation of affect. Multilevel linear models (concurrent and lagged) were fitted, with group included as a moderator. Concurrent models showed that greater variability predicted lower negative affect in both groups; however, in lagged models this effect was maintained only among HC. For positive affect, concurrent positive associations emerged in HC (adaptive strategies) and AUD (all and adaptive strategies). In lagged models, higher between-strategy variability predicted greater positive affect exclusively in HC, with no significant effects in AUD. These findings suggest that between-strategy variability fosters favourable affective states in healthy individuals both concurrently and prospectively, whereas in AUD it is linked only to short-lived modulation of emotions.