This study systematizes the literature on eco‐innovation and economic complexity, aiming to understand how the sophistication of productive structures shapes countries' capacity to develop environmentally responsible innovations, and how eco‐innovation may, in turn, influence productive sophistication. Accordingly, the study (1) maps predominant conceptual and methodological approaches; (2) synthesizes empirical evidence on the effects of productive complexity on eco‐innovation, including potential bidirectional dynamics; (3) examines the regulatory, policy, and incentive frameworks conditioning this relationship; (4) identifies the technological, institutional, and human capabilities underpinning eco‐innovation and productive upgrading; (5) investigates the role of international integration and cross‐country cooperation; and (6) assesses the environmental outcomes associated with complexity trajectories and green innovation. Methodologically, the analysis combines a bibliometric analysis with a systematic literature review encompassing 79 peer‐reviewed articles published between 2014 and 2024. The results indicate consistent evidence that economic complexity positively influences eco‐innovation, while the reverse mechanism—eco‐innovation fostering productive sophistication—remains underexplored, with only one study explicitly addressing bidirectionality. The literature also shows that eco‐innovation contributes to reducing CO ₂ emissions, although findings on the environmental effects of economic complexity are mixed. Institutional quality, productive capabilities, and global linkages emerge as central drivers of both higher complexity and improved environmental performance. Although patents are widely used as proxies for eco‐innovation, few studies treat them as the primary unit of analysis, and comparative work across countries or between green and conventional innovation remains limited. Overall, the study identifies substantial conceptual and empirical gaps and underscores the need for more integrated and interdisciplinary research to advance understanding of the interplay between eco‐innovation, productive sophistication, and sustainability.

Diversos estudos analisam a o desenvolvimento humano em países em desenvolvimento. Entretanto, há escassez de estudos analisando o desenvolvimento humano na Região Amazônica. Ademais, os estudos negligenciam a responsabilidade financeira em converter riqueza e recursos públicos em desenvolvimento humano para a população local. Por este motivo, este artigo tem como objetivo mensurar a eficiência social da Região Amazônica, o que permite revelar a performance social das microrregiões, levando em consideração os pontos fortes do desenvolvimento local. Para tanto, este artigo analisou 5 dimensões representadas por 14 variáveis sociais, além do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) e dos gastos sociais em educação e cultura, habitação e moradia, e saúde e saneamento. Por meio do Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), foram analisadas 87 microrregiões de 9 estados da Amazônia Legal brasileira. Os resultados revelaram que há baixa correlação (19,07%) entre o Índice de Eficiência Social (IES) e o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) na Amazônia. Além disso, 63,22% das microrregiões amazônicas estão localizadas no pior quartil do ranking de eficiência social. A região mais eficiente foi Alto Paraguai (MT). As regiões com maior IDH e pior IES estão localizadas no Mato Grosso, área caracterizada pela Agropecuária. As regiões menos eficientes estão concentradas no Pará, sendo que algumas têm como característica o extrativismo, em especial, o setor da mineração. Por meio do IES, os formuladores de políticas públicas possuem uma ferramenta objetiva para distribuir recursos públicos para o desenvolvimento local.

Objective: This study analyzes the specialization of agricultural production and the degree of land concentration in Paraná using primary data from the 1920 Census. Theoretical Framework: The theoretical framework encompasses the agrarian structure and the colonization of the state, considering factors such as the sesmaria land system, the Land Law of 1850, and European immigration, which influenced land distribution and regional productive dynamics. Method: The method employs a quantitative approach, using the Gini coefficient to measure inequality in land distribution and the Specialization Index to assess the concentration of agricultural production. Results and Discussion: The findings indicate a significant concentration of land in large properties, suggesting an unequal land structure despite the agricultural diversification driven by immigration. This scenario highlights the importance of public policies aimed at ensuring equitable land access and promoting diversified agricultural production. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by utilizing primary data from Brazil’s first agricultural census. This census holds unique importance, as no such data was available before this period. Given the historical transformations in Brazilian agriculture, the 1920 Census provides a broad overview of agricultural production and land concentration in Brazil at the time. Analyses of the indicators and data derived from this census complement the economic history of Paraná and Brazil, filling gaps regarding agricultural specialization and land concentration in the early 20th century.

Renewable energy stands as a pivotal solution to environmental concerns, prompting substantial research and development endeavors to promote its adoption and enhance energy efficiency. Despite the recognized environmental superiority of renewable energy systems, there is a lack of globally standardized indicators specifically focused on renewable energy efficiency. This study aims to develop and apply a non-parametric data envelopment analysis (DEA) indicator, termed the Renewable Energy Indicator (REI), to measure environmental performance at the national level and to identify differences in renewable energy efficiency across countries grouped by development status and income level. The REI incorporates new factors such as agricultural methane emissions (thousand metric tons of ${\mathrm{CO}}_2$ equivalent), PM2.5 air pollution exposure (µg/m³), and aspects related to electricity, including consumption (as % of total final energy consumption), production from renewable sources, excluding hydroelectric (kWh), and accessibility in rural and urban areas (% of population with access), aligning with the emerging paradigm outlined by the United Nations. By segmenting the REI into global, developmental, and income group classifications, this study conducts the Mann–Whitney U test and the Kruskal–Wallis H tests to identify variations in renewable energy efficiency among different country groups. Our findings reveal top-performing countries globally, highlighting both developed (e.g., Sweden) and developing nations (e.g., Costa Rica, Sri Lanka). Central and North European countries demonstrate high efficiency, while those facing political and economic instability perform poorly. Agricultural-dependent nations like Australia and Argentina exhibit lower REI due to significant methane emissions. Disparities between developed and developing markets underscore the importance of understanding distinct socio-economic dynamics for effective policy formulation. Comparative analysis across income groups informs specific strategies tailored to each category.