The Internet of Things (IoT) is a disruptive technology that underpins Industry 5.0 by integrating various service technologies to enable intelligent connectivity among smart objects. These technologies enhance the convergence of Information Technology (IT), Operational Technology (OT), Core Technology (CT), and Data Technology (DT) networks, improving automation and decision-making capabilities. While cloud computing has become a mainstream technology across multiple domains, it struggles to efficiently manage the massive volume of OT data generated by IoT devices due to high latency, data transfer costs, limited resilience, and insufficient context awareness. Fog computing has emerged as a viable solution, extending cloud capabilities to the edge through a distributed peer-to-peer (P2P) network, enabling decentralized data processing and management. However, IoT networks still face critical challenges, including connectivity, heterogeneity, scalability, interoperability, security, and real-time decision-making constraints. Security is a key challenge in IoT implementations, including secure data communication, IoT edge and fog device identity, end-to-end authentication, and secure storage. This paper presents an efficient blockchain-based framework that creates a secure end-to-end communication cooperative flow IoT network. The framework utilizes a hybrid blockchain network that collaborates to offer a collaborative flow of end-to-end secure communication from end devices to cloud storage. The fog servers will maintain a private blockchain as a next-generation public key infrastructure to identify and authenticate the IoT’s edge devices. The consortium blockchain will be maintained in the cloud and integrated with the permission blockchain system. This system ensures secure cloud storage, authorization, efficient key exchange, and remote protection (encryption) of all sensitive information. To improve the synchronization and block generation, reduce overhead, and ensure scalable IoT network operation, we proposed the threshold signature-based Proof of Stake and Validation (PoSV) consensus. Additionally, lightweight authentication protects resource-constrained IoT nodes using an aggregate signature, ensuring security and performance in real-time scenarios. The proposed system is implemented, and its performance is evaluated using key metrics such as cryptographic processing overhead, consensus efficiency, block acceptance time, and transaction delay. The findings show that threshold signature-based Proof of Stake and Validation (PoSV) consensus, reduces the computational burden of individual signature verification, which results in an optimized transaction latency of 80–150 ms, compared to the previous 100–200 ms without Non-PoSV. Additionally, aggregating multiple signatures from different authentication events reduces signing time by 1.98 ms compared to the individual signature time of 2.72 ms and the overhead of verifying multiple individual transactions is 2.87 ms is significantly reduced to1.46 ms along with authentication delay ranges between 95–180 ms. Hence, the proposed framework improves over existing approaches regarding linear computing complexity, increased cryptographic methods, and a more efficient consensus process.

The work presents the project of ultra-low power sensor node for IoT applications with LoRa interface, which was successfully designed and tested. The main features of this design is its low power consumption, long distance communication and secure data transmission. By using external nano timer TPL5110 it is possible to reduce the end node consumption current Ic from 4.2uA to 290nA. This increases battery life and sensor autonomous operation.

Blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize the insurance industry by bringing unprecedented levels of transparency, security and autonomous continuity. By leveraging this technology, insurance companies can streamline their processes, reduce costs and provide better services to their customers. The proposed framework represents a significant step forward in the industry’s evolution, with the potential to create a more efficient and effective insurance ecosystem for all stakeholders involved. This framework offers a new and innovative approach to address many of the challenges associated with traditional processes in the insurance applications. By utilizing Blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, the framework aims to provide greater transparency, security, efficiency and real-time data decision ultimately leading to an improved customer experience. The accomplished work serves as a foundation for further research and development in the field of blockchain-based insurance applications, with the goal of designing a lightweight, platform-agnostic, auditable, real-time and provable solution.

The Internet of Things (IoT) technology is widely employed in several fields, such as smart cities, intelligent transportation systems, smart power grids, smart homes, and digital healthcare solutions, to enhance the quality of life, promote sustainability, and foster social interactions. The significant challenges related to IoT encompass the legitimacy verification of intelligent devices, handling cryptographic keys for edge devices with limited resources, guaranteeing the confidentiality and integrity of transmitted IoT data, and securely storing that data in the cloud system. The Blockchain system, characterized by its distributed, decentralized, and irreversible ledger, has gained recognition for its efficacy in ensuring security for sensitive smart home applications. This paper presents a comprehensive security solution for smart homes, comprising smart sensor authentication, key management, data confidentiality, data integrity, secure storage, and access control for cloud-based data. A robust and secure end-to-end structure for smart homes is developed in two phases. During the initial stage, a private Blockchain system is established on the fog nodes to facilitate the authentication and access control mechanisms for smart home edge devices. This private Blockchain can distribute and manage keys, enabling it to securely transfer data from intelligent sensors to the cloud environment using fog nodes. A consortium Blockchain is established during the next phase to simulate the cloud service providers. This Blockchain enables the provision of secured storage and data access control within the cloud, enhancing secure cloud storage even in a hostile environment. The novel contribution of this article relies on the integration of private and consortium Blockchain networks with a streamlined collaboration. This amalgamation achieves the efficient and distributed control of multiple Blockchain validators. A secure prototype has been developed to visualize and engage with a smart home environment. This prototype effectively displays data using various graphical and interactive techniques. The performance metrics, including attack resilience, latency and throughput of the network proves the efficiency of proposed framework as compared to state-of-the-art works. In future, we focus on the cross-chain interactions in multi-Blockchain environments and address the existing limitations such as inconsistencies, interoperability issues, and inefficient security measures.

This paper deals with the design and development of a Wireless Current Measurement System for isolated current sensing based on Integrated Fluxgate Magnetic Sensor. The output voltage of the sensor is amplified and converted into digital value by 24-bit sigma-delta analog to digital converter. The data from the measurements are transmitted from the microcontroller to a personal computer through a Bluetooth module. User software has been developed, allowing for: recording the obtained values from the measurements; their visualization both in digital and analogue form. The system was calibrated in the range of -2.2A to + 2.2A.

This paper deals with the design and development of an electrostatic voltmeter based on surface potential sensor. For the realization of the device, constructed by us, a surface potential measuring sensor EFS-22D has been used, consisting of a measuring probe and an electronic converter for measuring voltages in the range from 0V to 900V at a distance between the sample and the surface of the probe within 1 - 3.5mm. The measuring probe is composed of an oscillating mechanism (of the type of a tonometer), with metal electrodes attached to it, which block the electric field. The movement of these electrodes is accomplished by means of a piezo-electric element. The chopper is tuning fork oscillator type shutter. The surface potential, measured by the probe of the sensor, is converted into analogue voltage, varying from 0 to 4.5V, which is then converted into a digital value by a 15-bit sigma-delta analogue-to-digital converter, connected to a microcontroller. The data from the measurements are transmitted from the microcontroller to a personal computer through a Bluetooth module. User software has been developed, allowing for: recording the obtained values from the measurements; their visualization both in digital and analogue form; digital filtration of the noise from the sensor; and statistical analysis of the obtained data.