The area of permafrost worldwide accounts for approximately 20% to 25% of land area. In cold-climate regions of China, which are garnering international attention, the study of low-temperature and moisture effects on rock mass mechanical properties is of significant importance. China has a wide area of cold regions. This research can provide a foundation for China’s exploration activities in such extreme environments. This paper examines the mechanical behavior of rock specimens subjected to various low temperatures and water contents through uniaxial compression tests. The analysis encompasses failure modes, stress–strain relationships, uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), and elastic modulus (EM) of these specimens. Findings reveal that at lower temperatures, the rock specimens’ fracture patterns transition from compressive shear failure to cleavage failure, reflecting a shift from a plastic–elastic–plastic to a plastic–elastic response. Specifically, saturated rocks exhibit a 40.8% decrease in UCS and an 11.4% reduction in EM compared to their dry counterparts. Additionally, in cold conditions, an increased water content in rocks primarily leads to vertical cracking. Under such conditions, saturated rocks show a 52.3% decline in UCS and a 15.2% reduction in EM, relative to their dry state.

To investigate the dynamic response during blasting operations for subway tunnel excavation and ensure the safety of buildings surrounding subway stations, a numerical simulation model of subway station excavation blasting was developed using Midas-GTS software. The study analyzed the propagation of vibration waves during blasting in the excavation area and the vibration response characteristics of surface buildings. Analysis of the simulation results revealed that the peak particle velocity on buildings first decreased and then increased with rising elevation; the peak particle vibration velocity on the floor is highest at the center and lower at both ends; and the maximum vibration velocity on the building occurs at the center of the top floor on the right side. To enhance construction safety, based on the results of the numerical simulation analysis, blasting parameters—including charge quantity per borehole, borehole spacing, and detonation network—were optimized. The optimized blasting plan not only effectively controlled the impact of blasting vibrations but also significantly improved blasting efficiency and reduced the proportion of large fragments in the blasted pile.

In open-pit bench blasting design, conventional hole placement methods are limited by their inability to handle irregular blast area boundaries effectively. To address this, an adaptive hole placement algorithm based on Voronoi diagrams is proposed. This algorithm uses Voronoi diagram principles to divide the blast area according to its boundary conditions. Using Lloyd’s algorithm achieves a uniform distribution of blast hole points within the blast zone, enabling the p3rediction of hole coordinates. The algorithm has been developed into a bench blasting design programme using MATLAB R2021a. The programme calculates the required number of blast holes based on coverage area per blast hole charge and blast area. It then completes the entire bench blasting design by incorporating parameters such as the blast area boundary. In practice, this method enables more scientific blast design, demonstrating excellent algorithm stability and computational efficiency. It is particularly adaptable when handling irregular blast area boundaries.