The climate change impacts of South Asia (SA) are inextricably linked with increased monsoon variability and a clearly deteriorating trend with more frequent deficit monsoons. One of the most climate-vulnerable nations in the eastern and central Indo-Gangetic Basin is Bangladesh. There have been numerous studies on the effects of climate change in Bangladesh; however, most of them tended to just look at a small fraction of the impact elements or were climatic projections without accounting for the effects on agriculture. Additionally, simulation studies using the CERES-Rice and CERES-Wheat models were conducted for rice and wheat to evaluate the effects of climate change on Bangladeshi agriculture. However, up to now, Bangladesh has not implemented farming system ideas by integrating cropping systems with other income-generating activities. This study was conducted as part of the Indo-Gangetic Basin (IGB) regional evaluations using the protocols and integrated assessment processes of the Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP). It was also done to calibrate crop models (APSIM and DSSAT) using rice and wheat. To assist policymakers in creating national and regional plans for anticipated future agricultural systems, our work on the integrated evaluation of climate change impacts on agricultural systems produced realistic predictions. The outcome of this research prescribes a holistic assessment of climate change on future production systems by including all the relevant enterprises in the agriculture sector. The findings of the study suggested two major strategies to minimize the yield and increase the profitability in a rice–wheat cropping system. Using a short-term HYV (High Yielding Variety) of rice can shift the sowing time of wheat by 7 days in advance compared to the traditional sowing days of mid-November. In addition, increasing the irrigation amount by 50 mm for wheat showed a better yield by 1.5–32.2% in different scenarios. These climate change adaptation measures could increase the per capita income by as high as 3.6% on the farm level.

The Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC) has developed the ‘Khamari’ mobile application as an innovative tool to enhance agricultural productivity and optimize use of natural resources. This digital solution provides farmers with precise, location-specific recommendations to promote sustainable and efficient farming practices. The Khamari app serves as a crop production advisory tool, aiming to increase productivity, profitability, and drive overall growth within the agricultural sector by equipping farmers and stakeholders with essential information directly at their fingertips. A unique feature of the Khamari app is its integration of geospatial technology, which enables users to access pertinent information while standing on their own land. Through the Khamari app, farmers can make informed decisions on selecting a suitable crop, enhancing crop yields through balanced fertilizer use, maintaining soil health and environmental sustainability. By aligning with the Crop Zoning System of Bangladesh, the app supports local-level crop production planning and has demonstrated significant potential to increase food production and foster the adoption of precision agriculture nationwide. Field trials on rice crops have demonstrated that the app's recommendations lead to significant fertilizer savings and improved yields compared to traditional farming practices. For T. Aman rice trials in 34 locations in 2023, the app's recommendations led to a 34% reduction in fertilizer costs and approximately 7% increase in yield, resulting in a minimum profit of 15,615 Taka per hectare. Boro rice trials in 60 locations during the 2023-24 season showed an 18% reduction in fertilizer costs and around a 6% increase in yield, offering farmers an additional 16,222 Taka per hectare. These findings highlight the substantial benefits of the 'Khamari' app in enabling smart, sustainable agricultural practices, positioning it as a valuable tool for both economic gains and long-term agricultural resilience.