Application of micro/nano-robots in the bio-medical sector.

Biodegradable implants significantly advance regenerative medicine and orthopedic surgery, offering temporary mechanical support while facilitating natural tissue regeneration. Unlike permanent implants, biodegradable materials eliminate the need for secondary removal surgeries, reducing patient risk and healthcare costs. Recent innovations in biomaterials – such as magnesium-based alloys, polymeric composites, and bio-ceramics – have led to the development of implants with enhanced biocompatibility, controlled degradation rates, and improved mechanical performance. Additionally, the advent of 3D (three-dimensions) printing and additive manufacturing has enabled the creation of patient-specific scaffolds with complex geometries tailored for optimized tissue integration. Evaluating these implants in large animal surgical models, including pigs, sheep, and goats, is critical for bridging the gap between laboratory research and human clinical applications. These models provide anatomical and physiological parallels to human systems, offering valuable insights into implant behavior, degradation kinetics, tissue response, and functional outcomes under realistic biomechanical conditions. However, species-specific differences and variability in healing responses present ongoing challenges in directly translating findings. Emerging technologies, such as smart implants embedded with biosensors, bioactive surface coatings, and artificial intelligence-assisted diagnostic tools, continue to enhance implant functionality and monitoring capabilities. Despite these advancements, challenges persist in achieving optimal degradation profiles, managing inflammatory responses, and maintaining mechanical integrity throughout the healing process.

Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules including fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids that are vital for numerous biological functions including energy storage, cellular structure, and signaling whose composition and metabolism undergo profound transformations with age. These age-related shifts due to increased lipid peroxidation, disrupted cholesterol homeostasis, and altered membrane phospholipid content, actively contribute to progressive loss in cellular homeostasis and pathogenesis of major age-related diseases. This review explores the critical role of lipids: as master regulators of cellular signaling pathways, and as key drivers of chronic inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. Dysregulated lipid metabolism is central to cardiovascular disease which is driven by altered myocardial energy substrate utilization and lipoprotein dynamics. In neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, disruptions in ceramide, cholesterol, and specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators fuel neuroinflammation and protein aggregation. Furthermore, we explore the dual role of dietary lipids, which can either exacerbate or mitigate age-related decline, highlighting the potential of personalized nutritional approaches and lipid-targeting therapeutics. By integrating the mechanisms of lipid signaling, inflammation, and metabolic regulation, this analysis highlights that lipids are not merely passive structural components but active drivers of the aging process, positioning lipid metabolism as a promising frontier for interventions aimed at promoting health span and combating age-related disease.

A synergistic limonene–Fenton strategy combining adsorption and oxidative degradation offers a sustainable approach for removing microplastics and nanoplastics.