Eryptosis is a type of regulated cell death of mature erythrocytes characterized by excessive Ca²⁺ accumulation followed by phosphatidylserine externalization. Eryptosis facilitates erythrophagocytosis resulting in eradication of damaged erythrocytes, which maintains the population of healthy erythrocytes in blood. Over recent years, a wide array of diseases has been reported to be linked to accelerated eryptosis, which leads to anemia. A growing number of studies furnish evidence that eryptosis is implicated in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge of eryptosis signaling, its physiological role, and the impact of eryptosis on anemia and hypercoagulation. In this article, upon systemically analyzing the PubMed-indexed publications, we also provide a comprehensive overview of the role of eryptosis in the spectrum of hepatic diseases, its contribution to the development of complications in liver pathology, metabolites (bilirubin, bile acids, etc.) that might trigger eryptosis in liver diseases, and eryptosis-inducing liver disease medications. Eryptosis in liver diseases contributes to anemia, hypercoagulation, and endothelial damage (via ferroptosis of endothelial cells). Treatment-associated anemia in liver diseases might be at least partly attributed to drug-induced eryptosis. Ultimately, we analyze the concept of inhibiting eryptosis pharmaceutically to prevent eryptosis-associated anemia and thrombosis in liver diseases.

Introduction: Compensated cirrhosis carries a significant risk of progression to decompensation, which substantially worsens prognosis. Accurate prediction of decompensation events is critical for guiding surveillance, optimizing intervention timing, and improving patient outcomes. Although many prognostic biomarkers have been studied, findings remain heterogeneous. This umbrella review synthesizes evidence from systematic reviews and meta‐analyses to identify and appraise biomarkers predicting decompensation in alcoholic and nonalcoholic compensated cirrhosis. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched to August 15, 2025, for English‐language systematic reviews and meta‐analyses. From the included meta‐analyses, prognostic performance, heterogeneity, and publication bias were recorded. Results: Four systematic reviews were included, two with meta‐analyses. Strong predictors across reviews were serum albumin, INR, bilirubin, platelet count, and liver stiffness measurement. HVPG remained a robust invasive predictor, while emerging biomarkers—interleukin‐6, keratin‐18, and extracellular vesicles—were associated with an increased risk of decompensation, although the certainty of evidence was limited by heterogeneity and methodological constraints. Composite scores enhanced predictive accuracy. AMSTAR 2 ratings ranged from high to low, with common reporting limitations. Overlap analysis indicated moderate redundancy among primary studies. Conclusions: Both established and emerging biomarkers predict decompensation in compensated cirrhosis. Integrated multidomain models combining clinical, biochemical, and imaging‐derived measures may provide the greatest predictive value for guiding clinical decision‐making.

Relevance: Laparoscopic surgery supplies many benefits due to lower postoperative sequelae. Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy has become a first-line treatment for patients with localized prostate cancer worldwide. The study aimed to compare outcomes after traditional laparoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy with modified laparoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy (MLERPE). Methods: All information about patient treatment for this historical cohort study was obtained from the “Electronic In-patient Registry” of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study included case records of 94 patients who underwent laparoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy from 2017 to 2021. Of them, 45 underwent a modified laparoscopic prostatectomy, and 49 – a traditional laparoscopic prostatectomy. Data are presented as the means ± standard deviation or as frequencies and percentages. Pearson’s Chi-square was used for qualitative data. T-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare the means of the two groups. The statistical significance level was 0.05. Results: We revealed significant differences between the laboratory parameters of both groups after surgery. The mean difference in hemoglobin level between the two groups was 14.04, the mean difference in erythrocyte level was 0.69, the mean difference in leukocyte level was 1.26, and the mean difference in ESR level was 2.01. All differences were statistically significant (p=0.000). We found a statistical difference in the duration of operation and hospital stay between the two groups (p=0.000). Conclusion: The modified laparoscopic technique avoids adverse worse outcomes such as bleeding, pneumoperitoneum, and decreasing oxygen saturation. This technique is also beneficial in the early postoperative period for excluding peritonitis, and the late postoperative period avoids adhesive processes.

The post-COVID-19 syndrome may present with a range of neurological symptoms such as headaches, sleep disorders, and dizziness. The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine in mitigating the neurological symptoms of post-COVID-19 syndrome. The study involved 95 patients diagnosed with the neurological form of long COVID-19, who were divided into two groups according to their vaccination status. The immunological parameters of humoral immunity were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while the parameters of cellular immunity were evaluated using flow cytometry. Administration of the vaccination resulted in a reduction in clinical symptoms of the neurological form of long COVID-19. Statistically significant differences ( p = 0.035) were found in symptoms such as headaches, sleep disturbances, and dizziness, especially in central nervous system (CNS) disorders, between the groups that received the vaccination and those that did not. More than 90% of patients had elevated levels of Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) immunoglobulin G against the viral S-protein (>2,500 BAU/ml), indicating strong humoral immunity regardless of vaccination status. An increase in B-lymphocyte (CD3 ^- CD19 ⁺ ) counts was noted in both groups, with levels significantly higher in the group that received the vaccination ( p < 0.03). Analysis of T-cell profiles and NK (natural killer) cell levels showed no changes. The study suggests that administration of Gam-COVID-Vac vaccination could reduce the occurrence of CNS symptoms in individuals with post-COVID-19 syndrome. Although certain neurological symptoms may continue, immunization has a beneficial influence on their progression. The results emphasize the crucial role of an increased humoral immune response in individuals with post-COVID-19 syndrome, but do not show significant changes in T-cell immune parameters.

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a significant cause of progressive liver disease and cirrhosis, often accompanied by hematological complications, including anemia. Evidence increasingly indicates that eryptosis—the programmed death of erythrocytes—may play a role in disrupting red blood cell balance in chronic liver conditions. Eryptosis is characterized by phosphatidylserine externalization, intracellular calcium accumulation, oxidative stress, and ceramide-dependent signaling pathways. Entecavir, a highly effective antiviral medication, is used to consistently suppress HBV replication in patients with chronic hepatitis B and HBV-related cirrhosis. Entecavir-induced viral suppression is associated with improved hepatic function, biochemical markers, and clinical outcomes. However, direct evidence on the effects of HBV suppression on red blood cell survival, eryptosis, and anemia is lacking. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of eryptosis in HBV-related liver cirrhosis, focusing on its molecular mechanisms, biomarkers, and potential role in anemia. We also review the documented effects of entecavir on virological, biochemical, and hematologic parameters, and discuss possible indirect links between viral suppression, restored hepatic function, and erythrocyte homeostasis. Direct evidence linking entecavir therapy to changes in eryptosis remains scarce, underscoring the need for prospective clinical and experimental studies.