The intense use of scientific dating over the last three decades makes it possible for the first time reasonably to connect the topographically diverse parts of the Hittite capital Ḫattuša. Not only was the decision to found a city at this site based on pre-Hittite parameters, but at the same time, it also becomes clear that the settlement is one of the very few in Anatolia which was continuously used from the end of the third millennium BC through the second millennium until the beginning of the Iron Age. Furthermore, the accumulation of radiocarbon dates in individual, archaeologically intensively studied areas of the site makes it now possible to understand the development as a dynamic and fluent process. Based on the results outlined here, permanent moves back and forth of the settled areas within a geographically defined space can be reconstructed. The Hittite city of Ḫattuša was always a construction site. Next to densely built-up districts there existed at all times large expanses of either ruins of buildings or of open spaces, which could have been used as pasture or arable land. The settlement’s map, regularly reproduced as its overall plan, thus represents a status reconstructed or idealised by modern research. Most probably the settlement was at no time occupied to this extent, and accordingly never looked like this in its history.

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Yerkapı, a prominent structure within Ḫattuša, the capital of the Hittite Empire (17th–12th century BC), exemplifies the sophisticated architectural and cultural practices of this ancient civilisation. The monument, encompassing a Sphinx Gate and an underground tunnel (postern) featuring 249 hieroglyphic inscriptions, is hypothesised to have served ceremonial rather than defensive purposes. This study employs a multidisciplinary approach to document, analyse, and interpret the inscriptions and their architectural context through advanced methodologies. High-resolution 3D digitisation was conducted using drones, terrestrial laser scanning, and photogrammetric techniques, enabling the creation of detailed models of the site. Specific focus was given to the postern, with comprehensive surveys delineating the geometries of the inscriptions and their spatial relationships to the Sphinx Gate. Diagnostic pigment analysis provided insights into the mineralogical and chemical composition of the red figures, further informing the interpretation of the hieroglyphs. The integration of 3D models and petrographic data allowed for the identification of previously unobservable details and facilitated a sequential reading of the inscriptions within their architectural framework. The findings emphasise Yerkapı’s function as a site of symbolic and ritual importance, thereby advancing our comprehension of Hittite ceremonial practices and establishing a methodological paradigm for the integration of digital archaeology with the study of geo-materials in the investigation of complex ancient monuments.