Coriander is a significant crop, playing an essential role in daily life for various purposes, including flavouring curries and medicinal uses, among others. Despite its importance, coriander is still harvested manually. To address this, developed a self-propelled battery-operated coriander harvester, designed with ergonomics, environmental sustainability and affordability for small and marginal farmers in mind. The harvester is equipped with a main frame, a lead-acid battery, a BLDC motor, a reciprocating cutter bar, a PU conveyor belt, a collection bag, a handle, and transport wheels. The harvester was tested on the coriander crop, and the results were analyzed using Design Expert software to optimize various operational parameters. The harvester’s performance was evaluated at three forward speeds: 1.5 km/h, 2 km/h, and 2.5 km/h, resulting in covered areas of 0.114 ha, 0.164 ha, and 0.22 ha, with field efficiency values of 76%, 82%, and 88%, respectively. Optimal harvesting conditions were identified by design expert software at a forward speed of 1.64 km/h, with a conveyor driving pulley at level 3 (50.8 mm) and a cutting height at level 2 (75 mm). Under these conditions, the harvester achieved a harvesting efficiency of 97.24% and a cutting efficiency of 98.2%, with minimal conveying loss of 0.96%. The theoretical field capacity was 0.16 ha/h, the actual field capacity was 0.131 ha/h, and the overall field efficiency was 81.8%.

A research work was undertaken at the Department Agricultural Engineering, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India during 2020 to study the physical properties of FYM for the designing the tractor mounted FYM spreader. Application of FYM increases the soil fertility. FYM contained almost all essential nutrients required for soil. The important FYM physical properties like moisture content, bulk density, angle of repose, coefficient of friction are required for development of FYM shredder cum spreader. The FYM is heterogeneous mixture and its moisture content varies at different depths stored in manure pits for measuring the physical characteristics, three depths of manure pits viz., 0-20, 20-40, 40-60 cm collected and were used. Designing The physical properties found in FYM like moisture content, bulk density, angle of repose and coefficient of friction and sieve analysis of FYM at different depth of manure pit were 61% db 20% wb,0.650 gcm-3,71.03 and 34° respectively. The initial bulk density form before the operation 0.650 g cm-3andclod size is major at 70% at 50 mm screen opening after shredder operation the bulk density decreases 0.250 g cm-3 and 40% of FYM retained less than 10 mm sieves at the shredder speed is 255 RPM. The developed shredder was successful in reducing 70% aggregation size from more than 50 mm-less than10 mm sieve opening which is desirable form of FYM application.

Increase in population and depletion of ground water resources are the major problems for food security and stability. Irrigated lands now produce only 4% of the food supply which doesn’t meet the required demand. Zai pit technology provides a window of opportunity for farmers to improve crop performance in harsh & changing climate by trapping rain water and retains moisture by allowing water long enough to infiltrate. The present study was carried out at the College of Agricultural Engineering, Madakasira, which was located in Anantapuram district, Andhra Pradesh. The methodology follows estimation of infiltration rate for both Zai pit technology and furrow irrigation method. The Zai pit consists of dug holes excavated in grids, with a diameter of 15-20 cm,70 to 80 cm spacing, and a depth of 10-15 cm or more, filled with manure. The spacing of pits within a row, as well as the space between rows of pits, varies between 60 and 100 cm. Pits were prepared and organic manure was placed at the beginning of rainy season. In Zai pit technology, infiltration rate of the soil increased from 1.45 to 2.25 cm/hr whereas in furrow irrigation, it was decreased from2.24 to 1.1 cm/hr. In Zai pit technology, the organic manure was decomposed properly and the micro-organisms present in the soil make way to reach the organic manure and thus the micro pores in the soil increased whereas in furrow irrigation the soil was compacted which decreases the infiltration rate. This may be the reason behind the increasing of infiltration in the Zai pit technology. Thus, Zai pit technology reactivates biological activities in the soil and eventually leads to an improvement in soil structure and converts barren lands to cultivated lands.

The physical form of fertilizer production is of extremely importance, both agronomically and in regard to satisfactory handling, transport, storage, and finally application to the field. The improvement of equipment for handling, storage, and application of granular fertilizer require a proper understanding of material properties and flow behavior. The most common problems encountered in fertilizers were caking, poor flow ability, segregation, dustiness and excessive hygroscopicity due to differences of physical properties. The physical properties such as moisture content, angle of repose and bulk density as important in designing the hopper and metering roller of fertilizer plays an important role in the storage, transport and application of fertilizer. The urea, Ammonium phosphate Sulphate, complex fertilizers and fertilizer ratio (10 26 26) per one orchard tree should be applied yearly trice based on crop requirement. The angle of repose value ranges 28° -37° the hopper angle was decided. For that, to flow the fertilizer freely from the hopper, the inclined angle of the hopper should be greater than 40° respectively. The lowest bulk density and tapped density observed 0.648 g cm^-3 and 0.708 g cm^-3 respectively. Coefficient friction for galvanized Iron (GI) material is very high So, based on the obtained results, a fertilizer applicator for orchard crops has been designed. The basin diameter of orchard palm varies from 1500 mm to 1750 mm the mean of 1650 mm. The root zone depth of orchard crop varies from 150 to 180 mm at radius of 1800 mm from the base of palm. The mean 171.66 mm hence depth of operation of machine was selected as 150 mm such that the machine does not interfere with root zone of orchard trees.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly reshaping agrifood systems by enabling data-driven, adaptive, and increasingly autonomous approaches across agricultural production, food manufacturing, food-safety monitoring, supply-chain management, and consumer-oriented food services. This review critically examines the expanding role of AI technologies, including machine learning, deep learning, computer vision, generative AI, multimodal foundation models, robotics, digital twins, blockchain, the Internet of Things (IoT), and edge computing, in transforming modern agrifood ecosystems. Recent advances in precision agriculture, intelligent food manufacturing, predictive food-safety systems, AI-driven traceability, and sustainable supply-chain optimization are synthesized while evaluating their technical performance, industrial relevance, and operational outcomes.Current evidence indicates that AI-assisted precision agriculture can reduce irrigation water use by 20–40%, fertilizer application by 15–25%, and pesticide utilization by more than 30% under optimized conditions. Deep-learning-based crop disease detection systems frequently achieve accuracies exceeding 95%, while predictive yield models integrating remote sensing and climatic datasets can approach forecasting accuracies of 85–90%. In food manufacturing, AI-driven process-control systems and computer-vision platforms are improving operational consistency, reducing processing inefficiencies by up to 30%, and strengthening automated quality assessment. AI-integrated food-safety systems combining spectroscopy, biosensors, blockchain, and predictive analytics are further enhancing contamination detection, shelf-life prediction, traceability, and recall management across global supply chains.Despite substantial progress, major challenges remain, including fragmented datasets, interoperability limitations, computational intensity, cybersecurity risks, algorithmic bias, regulatory uncertainty, and unequal access to digital infrastructure. Overall, responsible integration of AI with explainable governance, sustainable computational frameworks, and inclusive digital-transition strategies will be essential for developing resilient, transparent, and environmentally sustainable future agrifood systems.

A FYM spreader can do operations like shredding and spreading simultaneously in a single operation. Such a machine developed and its’ performance was evaluated at the field. The theoretical field capacity of the machine was determined to range between 0.36 and 0.54 ha h-1 whereas, the effective field capacity remained between 0.28 and 0.432 ha h-1, respectively. The cost of FYM transportation and application has been calculated according to conventional practise, and a comparison of labour savings has been made in order to assess the economic feasibility of the FYM spreader. In comparison to traditional FYM spreading method, the machine operating costs were estimated to be lesser by 75%. The break-even point (BEP) calculated on a time and area basis for the FYM spreader was calculated to be 263.5 h and 53.50 ha, respectively. The pay-back period of FYM spreader was calculated as 1.2 years on a time basis.