Third window syndrome (TWS) is an inner ear condition caused by an additional compliant point in the otic capsule that disrupts auditory and vestibular functions. Superior semicircular canal dehiscence is the most common cause, presenting with hearing loss, vertigo, and autophony, significantly impairing quality of life. This study evaluated the pathophysiology, diagnostics, treatments, and recent advancements in TWS while identifying research gaps. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, 70 studies from Embase, MEDLINE, Cochrane, and UpToDate databases were analyzed. TWS affects inner ear mechanics, enhancing bone conduction and reducing air conduction. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluations, high-resolution imaging, and functional tests such as vestibular evoked myogenic potentials, which are known for their high sensitivity and specificity. Management strategies range from vestibular rehabilitation and pharmacotherapy to surgical interventions, including transmastoid and middle cranial fossa approaches, which achieve over 75% success. Emerging minimally invasive techniques, such as underwater endoscopic ear surgery and round window reinforcement, show promise but carry risks like cerebrospinal fluid leakage and inconsistent symptom relief. Advancements in TWS management have improved outcomes, yet gaps remain, particularly in terms of false-positive imaging and long-term efficacy. Future studies should prioritize predictive models and minimally invasive techniques. A multidisciplinary approach is essential to improve patient care.

While typical benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) presents with reproducible patterns of nystagmus and vertigo during positional testing, atypical variants often deviate from typical patterns, making diagnosis more complex. Recognizing atypical BPPV is crucial to avoid misdiagnosis and inappropriate management. This study aims to describe the clinical spectrum of atypical BPPV, differentiate it from central positional vertigo, and provide practical diagnostic guidance for clinicians. A narrative review was conducted to explore the clinical spectrum of atypical BPPV. Findings indicate that it may present with vertigo without nystagmus, conflicting torsional components in bilateral cases, or persistent symptoms despite repositioning maneuvers. Canal switch and pseudo-spontaneous nystagmus have also been described. Although these variants may mimic central etiologies, the absence of consistent neurological signs supports a peripheral mechanism. Diagnosis relies on detailed assessment of nystagmus characteristics—such as latency, /duration, and direction—as well as the exclusion of red flags, like direction-changing nystagmus without head movement, vomiting, or non-positional ocular motor abnormalities. Atypical BPPV remains a diagnostic challenge and requires careful bedside assessment and clinical testing. Understanding these variants is essential for timely and appropriate treatment. When doubt persists and resolution with treatment does not occur, neuroimaging should be considered to exclude central pathology.

Objectives: To compare unilateral vs bilateral hot tonsillectomy in managing peri-tonsillar abscesses. Methods: Literature review in Medline and other database sources, and critical analysis of data. Results: Management options for peri-tonsillar abscesses range from intravenous antibiotics alone or needle aspiration for small collections to incision and drainage or abscess tonsillectomy for larger ones. Regarding the latter, there is no clear consensus in the literature on favouring unilateral over bilateral excision. Conclusion: Conventional wisdom would suggest that operating on acutely inflamed tissue may increase the risk of bleeding due to engorged vessels and tissue friability. The potentially lower rate of post-operative haemorrhage in unilateral abscess tonsillectomy should be weighed against a potentially lower risk of future episodes in bilateral excisions. Furthermore, the improved efficiency of unilateral abscess tonsillectomy in terms of healthcare resource utilisation and operative time should be evaluated in the context of routinely performed interval contralateral tonsillectomies, potentially affecting operating theatre planning.

Background/Objectives: Radiation-induced laryngeal radionecrosis and chondroradionecrosis (LRN/LCRN) are uncommon but potentially severe complications of radiotherapy that may lead to airway compromise, persistent functional impairment, or total laryngectomy. This systematic review evaluated the available evidence on hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBO₂) for established LRN/LCRN, with emphasis on laryngeal preservation, clinical response, functional outcomes, and adverse events. Methods: PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to 8 August 2026, with additional reference and citation searching. Original human studies reporting therapeutic HBO₂ for established LRN/LCRN were included. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and performed design-specific Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal. Owing to substantial clinical and methodological heterogeneity, findings were synthesized narratively without meta-analysis. Results: Twenty reports were included, predominantly case reports, small case series, and retrospective observational studies. No randomized trial specifically evaluating HBO₂ for LRN/LCRN was identified. Disease severity, treatment regimens, co-interventions, follow-up duration, and outcome definitions varied substantially. Clinical improvement and laryngeal preservation were reported in selected patients, but functional recovery was inconsistent, with persistent tracheostomy dependence documented despite anatomical preservation. Adverse-event reporting was incomplete. Conclusions: Clinical improvement and laryngeal preservation were reported following care that included HBO₂. However, the available evidence cannot distinguish its independent contribution from concomitant treatments and patient selection. Laryngeal preservation does not always translate into functional recovery, highlighting the need for prospective multicenter studies with standardized diagnostic, treatment, and functional outcomes.