This study investigated interspecific and intraspecific polymorphism in Rheum (Polygonaceae) from Kazakhstan using the inter-primer binding site (iPBS) retrotransposon marker system. The results revealed considerable variation in the level and nature of genetic polymorphism both within and among Rheum species and ecopopulations across different regions of Kazakhstan. Rh. compactum and the ecopopulation Rh. tataricum from the Zhambyl Region (ZH) exhibited the lowest levels of polymorphism, supporting their designation as conservation priorities. Genetic differentiation analysis among species and ecopopulations identified clear distinctions, resulting in the formation of well-defined clusters with high bootstrap support. Minimal genetic distances were observed between the two ecopopulations of Rh. tataricum, along with a high degree of intraspecific genetic homogeneity in Rh. compactum and Rh. nanum. A distinct genetic divergence between Rh. compactum and the other taxa was detected, reinforcing its status as a separate species rather than a synonym of Rh. altaicum. The iPBS markers proved effective for investigating genetic variation in Rheum, offering valuable insights for future studies aimed at understanding the evolutionary history of the genus.

The chemical composition of Iris songarica rhizome extracts was systematically investigated using GC-MS and UHPLC-MS. Their biological activity was further evaluated in vivo. The chloroform rhizome extract contained 33 identified compounds distributed across five main classes. Flavonoids predominated (50.7% of total ionic current), with tectochrysine (42.15%) as the major component, followed by 3,7-dihydroxy-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4H-chromene-4-one (5.18%) and a naringenin derivative (3.99%). Fatty acid esters comprised 30.6%, dominated by linoleic acid ethyl ester (11.05%), ethyl oleate, and hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester. Phenolic and aromatic compounds accounted for 14.24%, including (E)-4-(3-hydroxyprop-1-en-1-yl)-2-methoxyphenol and flamenol. Quantitative HPLC revealed hesperetin (69.72 µg/mL) and fisetin (12.32 µg/mL) as predominant in the 50% aqueous ethanol extract, and cinarin (6.28 µg/mL) in the ethyl acetate root extract. HPLC-MS identified 25 polyphenols, mainly isoflavonoids and flavones, with key markers songaricol, irilin B, tectorigenin, irisflavone A, and irizon B, some reported for the first time in Kazakhstan irises. Biological evaluation demonstrated potent activity: the 50% aqueous ethanol extract inhibited xylene-induced ear oedema in mice by 72.7% at 300 mg/kg, comparable to diclofenac (90.9%), without observable toxicity. These findings confirm I. songarica as a valuable source of bioactive polyphenols with anti-inflammatory potential.

Инвентаризация запасов хозяйственно ценных видов растений является одной из актуальных задач при региональной кадастровой оценке растительных ресурсов, результаты которой будут использованы для ведения государственного мониторинга и кадастра растительного мира Республики Казахстан. Род Rumex L. из семейства Гречишные Polygonaceae Juss. во флоре Казахстана представлен 27 видами, в том числе, 15 лекарственными, применяемыми в народной и официальной медицине. При впервые предпринятой кадастровой оценке современного экологического состояния флоры и растительных ресурсов Алматинской области, в течение 2021-2022 гг. на территории 3-х флористических (24. Джунгарский Алатау, 25. Заилийский Кунгей Алатау, 25а. Кетмень-Терскей Алатау) и 4 административных (Ескельдинский, Кегенский, Райымбекский, Уйгурский) районов Алматинской области выявлены и учтены запасы сырья официально признанного лекарственного растения щавеля тяньшанского Rumex tianschanicus Losinsk. Ресурсное обследование территорий проводилось маршрутно-рекогносцировочным способом с применением общепринятых ресурсоведческих и геоботанических методов. На обследованной территории региона суммарный эксплуатационный запас воздушно-сухой подземной части Rumex tianschanicus составил 169,5 т на площади 113,3 га с суммарным объемом возможной ежегодной заготовки 17,0 т воздушно-сухого сырья. Для промысловых заготовок перспективны заросли, выявленные на хребтах Кетмень (Уйгурский район) и Терскей Алатау (Райымбекский район), расположенных в пределах 25а флористического района на юго-востоке Алматинской области.

Wild Allium L. species are important sources of mineral elements and structurally diverse primary and specialized metabolites, yet comparative information integrating their elemental composition, lipophilic constituents, polar metabolites, and biological activity remains limited. This study compared the chemical diversity of four wild Allium L. taxa—A. atrosanguineum var. fedschenkoanum, A. trachyscordum, A. turkestanicum, and A. suworowii—collected from different environments. Elemental composition was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry in samples collected at naturally occurring phenological stages. Chloroform-soluble metabolites were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and polar and semi-polar metabolites of bulbs were profiled by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Membrane-stabilizing activity was evaluated using a hypotonic hemolysis assay. Potassium was the main macroelement, reaching 14,119 mg/kg dry weight in bulbs and 13,176 mg/kg in aerial parts. Magnesium and iron reached 4394 and 2435 mg/kg, respectively. Lead concentrations in bulbs of high-altitude species ranged from 0.75 to 4.47 mg/kg. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry showed differences in n-alkane distributions, with some samples dominated by C₂₂ and others extending to C₃₀, reflecting species, developmental, and environmental variation. LC–MS/MS profiling revealed tentative assignments of diverse organosulfur compounds, amino acid derivatives, flavonoids, and oxygenated fatty-acid derivatives. Among the studied chloroform extracts, A. suworowii showed the highest membrane-stabilizing activity at a 10% concentration (51.20%). The four Allium taxa showed distinct elemental and metabolite profiles, although these differences were not subjected to a common statistical comparison across taxa. These results provide a comparative chemical foundation for future chemotaxonomic studies and for assessing the nutritional and pharmacological potential of wild Allium species.