This study investigated the occurrence, sources, and health risks of 21 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in commercially available shellfish and crustaceans from Zhejiang Province, China. Among the 306 samples analyzed, 87.9% contained at least one detectable PFAS. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the most frequently detected PFAS (64.7%), followed by perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (53.8%), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (52.9%), and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) (50.0%). The total PFAS in shellfish and crustaceans ranged from ND to 0.86 to 173 ng/g wet weight, with a median of 4.11 ng/g ww; the median concentration of total PFAS followed this order: marine crustaceans > fresh-water crustaceans > bivalves. Estimation of the human intake of adult consumers, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of Σ₂₁ PFAS ranged from 0.01 to 15.7 ng/kg bw/day; 0.31% of the adult study population had Σ₄PFAS exposure levels resulting in Hazard Quotient (HQ) values > 1, which may represent a potential public health concern for these individuals. Long-term exposure risks for specific PFCAs such as perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUdA) and perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA) merit concern.

This article assesses per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure levels, distribution, bioaccumulation characteristics, and health risks in freshwater fish from Zhejiang Province, China. A total of 240 market-sourced fish samples (covering carnivorous, omnivorous, and herbivorous species) collected between 2022 and 2024 were analyzed for 24 PFAS congeners, including four emerging alternatives. The results revealed widespread PFAS contamination, with a detection frequency of 77.5% and median total PFAS (Σ₂₄PFAS) concentration of 2.95 ng/g. Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) were the most frequently detected congeners. PFOS exhibited the highest median concentrations in carnivorous and omnivorous fish, whereas PFUnDA was the dominant contaminant in filter-feeding and herbivorous fish. No significant difference in Σ₂₄PFAS concentrations was observed among fish with different feeding habits, but highly significant spatial variation was found. Long-chain PFAS concentrations were significantly higher than those of short-chain PFAS and emerging alternatives, with their proportion decreasing at lower trophic levels. The estimated daily intake of Σ₂₄PFAS and Σ₄PFAS for freshwater fish consumers averaged 0.14 and 0.042 ng/kg bw/day, respectively, with approximately 0.16% of the assessed individuals exceeding the recommended threshold. This study provides critical data to support food safety management and risk mitigation strategies.