Objective: In children and adolescents treated with risperidone, hyperprolactinemia is a frequent complication that may have clinical repercussions. Several genes have been associated with this occurrence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of hyperprolactinemia in children and adolescents treated with risperidone, and its associations with clinical and pharmacological data and certain polymorphisms of the following genes: Dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2), 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 2C (HTR2C), cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily D, polypeptide 6 (CYP2D6), leptin (LEP), leptin receptor (LEPR), melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), and scavenger receptor class B, member 2 (SCARB2). Methods: The study included patients using risperidone (8–20 years old) and healthy subjects not exposed to the medication. Psychopathological symptoms, doses, and duration of treatment with risperidone, sex, skin color, body mass index (BMI), use of other psychotropic drugs, and polymorphisms of DRD2, HTR2C, CYP2D6, LEP, LEPR, MC4R, and SCARB2 genes were evaluated. Results: There were 120 patients and 197 individuals not exposed to risperidone who were evaluated. Among patients, hyperprolactinemia was found in 79 (65.8%) cases, with no differences regarding sex, skin color, or being in monotherapy with risperidone (26.7% of total patients) or not. The level of prolactin was not correlated, either in case or control groups, with chronological age, bone age, prescribed dose of risperidone, weight-adjusted dose of risperidone, or BMI (p > 0.05), but was negatively correlated with the treatment duration (r = –0.352, p = 0.001 among cases; and r = –0.324, p = 0.039 among controls). There were significant differences in use of risperidone between patients and healthy subjects without the medication in the frequency of the polymorphisms of the DRD2, HTR2C, and LEP genes. Considering both sexes together and also specifically among females, the occurrence of hyperprolactinemia was higher in the presence of the C allele of the rs6318 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of the HTR2C gene. Conclusions: This group of children and adolescents with or without isolated use of risperidone presented with a high frequency of hyperprolactinemia, although asymptomatic, and associated, when considering only females or both sexes together, with being a carrier of the C allele of the rs6318 SNP of the HTR2C gene.

Objective. To identify the frequency of obesity and metabolic complications in child and adolescent users of risperidone. Potential associations with clinical parameters and SNPs of theHTR2C,DRD2,LEP,LEPR,MC4R, andCYP2D6genes were analyzed.Methods. Samples from 120 risperidone users (8–20 years old) were collected and SNPs were analyzed, alongside assessment of chronological and bone ages, prescribed and weight-adjusted doses, use of other psychotropic drugs, waist circumference, BMIz-scores, blood pressure, HOMA-IR index, fasting levels of serum glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, transaminases, and leptin.Results. Thirty-two (26.7%) patients were overweight and 5 (4.2%) obese. Hypertension was recorded in 8 patients (6.7%), metabolic syndrome in 6 (5%), and increased waist circumference in 20 (16.7%). The HOMA-IR was high for 22 patients (18.3%), while total cholesterol and triglycerides were high in 20 (16.7%) and 41 (34.2%) patients, respectively. SNP associations were found forLEP,HTR2C, andCYP2D6with BMI;CYP2D6with blood pressure, ALT, and HOMA-IR;HTR2CandLEPRwith leptin levels;MC4RandDRD2with HOMA-IR;HTR2Cwith WC; andLEPwith ALT.Conclusions. Although not higher than in the general pediatric population, a high frequency of patients was overweight/obese, with abnormalities in metabolic parameters and some pharmacogenetic associations.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of psychiatric conditions in clinical settings is high, particularly in emergency services. This is a challenge for healthcare professionals and an essential element in the functioning of the mental health network. The objective here was to describe the sociodemographic and clinical profile and the practices among patients treated psychiatrically in the Emergency Unit. DESIGN AND SETTING: Descriptive and quantitative study, conducted at Hospital das Clínicas (HC), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp). METHODS: Sociodemographic data, reasons for attendance, diagnostic hypotheses and practices were analyzed. RESULTS: Psychiatric staff attended 1,835 cases over the study period, corresponding to 1465 patients. The patients were predominantly women (53.7%) and white (79.6%); their mean age was 37 years and 41.3% lived with their parents. The commonest reasons for attendance were depressive symptoms (28.1%), agitation (23.6%) and problems with psychoactive substances (19.5%). The commonest diagnoses were psychoactive substance-related disorders (23%) and depressive disorders (18.5%). 31.6% of the patients were referred to healthcare centers and 29.2% to specialized outpatient clinics, while 8.2% were hospitalized. CONCLUSIONS: This study emphasizes that it is important for professionals working in emergency service to have information about the patients' profile and the main reasons that lead them to seek psychiatric care, and to establish a diagnosis that will allow proper management at the emergency service and case referral.

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires long-lasting treatments and severe changes in the routine of children, which may favor a low quality of life (QoL) and damage to their mental health and that of their primary caregivers (PC). The present study aimed to investigate the presence of anxiety and depression and to analyze the QoL of children and adolescents diagnosed with CKD at stages 3, 4, and 5, and their PC. Methods: We carried out an observational case-control study with 29 children and adolescents and their PC as the case group and 53 as the control group. International instruments, validated for the Brazilian population, were used: Child Anxiety Inventory (STAI-C), Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PEDSQL), Child Depression Inventory (CDI), Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventory (BAI; BDI), and the WHOQOL-bref. Results: The study identified statistically significant differences in the PEDSQL total score (control group, 72.7 ± 19.5; case group, 63.3 ± 20.6; p = 0.0305) and in the psychosocial (control group, 70.5 ± 20.5 and case group, 61.4 ± 19.7; p = 0.0420) and school health dimensions (control group, 72.9 ± 21.0 and case group, 55.2 ± 19.8; p = 0.0003) and the presence of psychiatric comorbidity (depression and anxiety symptoms) in the case group (p = 0.02). As for PC, the study showed statistical significance for the prevalence of depression (p = 0.01) and anxiety (p = 0.02) symptoms. Conclusion: Patients with CKD have lower QoL indices and more psychiatric comorbidities, and their PC are affected by the disease, with higher indices of depression and anxiety.

FUNDAMENTOS: A observação de lesões cutâneas é freqüente pelos indivíduos que as têm e por seus familiares. A demanda de pacientes que buscam atenção médica com queixas cutâneas é significante. OBJETIVO: Determinar a freqüência das alterações dermatológicas em usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde de Campinas, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Cinco unidades básicas de saúde foram selecionadas pela Secretaria de Saúde da Prefeitura Municipal para participar da pesquisa. Todos os pacientes atendidos por profissionais de saúde dessas unidades, no período de 20 dias úteis, deveriam ser avaliados quanto à presença ou ausência de sintomas/sinais dermatológicos. RESULTADOS: Dos 1.491 pacientes avaliados, 358 (24,01%) apresentavam queixas e/ou achados dermatológicos, com maior prevalência nos mais jovens. De todos os usuários atendidos pelos profissionais de saúde que participaram do estudo e que tiveram as fichas preenchidas adequadamente, 9,98% procuraram a Unidade Básica de Saúde primariamente pela queixa dermatológica. CONCLUSÃO: Esses resultados, condizentes com estudos semelhantes realizados em outros países, mostram a importância da especialidade para o desempenho do médico não dermatologista, especialmente dos pediatras, e dão elementos para a discussão curricular sobre a suficiência do tempo destinado ao ensino da especialidade no curso médico.