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Natural riparian vegetation generally presents a complex hydrodynamic behavior governed by plant morphology and flexibility. By contrast, hydrodynamic processes in partly vegetated channels are conventionally simulated by using simplified model vegetation, such as arrays of rigid cylinders. The aim of this study is to investigate the impacts of embedding natural plant features in the experimental simulation of flow in partly vegetated channels. Unique comparative experiments were carried out with both reconfiguring vegetation made of natural‐like shrubs and grasses, and with rigid cylinders. While the lateral distributions of flow properties presented a high similarity governed by the shear layer differential velocity ratio, the bulk vegetative drag, and the presence of large‐scale vortices, the flexibility‐induced mechanisms of natural‐like vegetation markedly affected the flow at the interface. Differences in plant morphology and spacing, and the dynamic motion of flexible foliated plants induced deeper vortex penetration into the vegetation. The normalized shear penetration was 6‐10 times greater than observed for rigid cylinders, resulting in wider zones significantly exchanging momentum with the adjacent open water. The efficiency of lateral momentum transport for flexible foliated vegetation was up to 40% greater than the corresponding rigid cylinder case. Overall, the results indicated that improving the representativeness of model vegetation is a critical step toward the accurate simulation of hydrodynamic and transport processes in natural settings.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Gerardo Caroppi; Kaisa Västilä; Paola Gualtieri; Juha Järvelä; Maurizio Giugni; Paweł M. Rowiński. Comparison of Flexible and Rigid Vegetation Induced Shear Layers in Partly Vegetated Channels. Water Resources Research 2021, 57, 1 .
AMA StyleGerardo Caroppi, Kaisa Västilä, Paola Gualtieri, Juha Järvelä, Maurizio Giugni, Paweł M. Rowiński. Comparison of Flexible and Rigid Vegetation Induced Shear Layers in Partly Vegetated Channels. Water Resources Research. 2021; 57 (3):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGerardo Caroppi; Kaisa Västilä; Paola Gualtieri; Juha Järvelä; Maurizio Giugni; Paweł M. Rowiński. 2021. "Comparison of Flexible and Rigid Vegetation Induced Shear Layers in Partly Vegetated Channels." Water Resources Research 57, no. 3: 1.
Vegetation, generally present along river margins and floodplains, governs key hydrodynamic processes in riverine systems. Despite the flow-influencing mechanisms exhibited by natural vegetation and driven by its complex morphology and flexibility, vegetation has been conventionally simulated by using rigid cylinders. This article presents a dataset obtained from hydraulic experiments performed for investigating the flow-vegetation interaction in partly vegetated channels. Vegetation was simulated by using both natural-like and rigid model plants. Specifically, two sets of experiments are described: in the first, vegetation was simulated with natural-like flexible foliated plants standing on a grassy bed; in the second, rigid cylinders were used. Experiments with rigid cylinders were designed to be compared against tests with natural-like plants, as to explore the effects of vegetation representation. The following experimental data were produced: 3D instantaneous velocity measured by acoustic Doppler velocimetry, vegetation motion video recordings, and auxiliary data including detailed vegetation characterization. These experiments are unique both for the use of natural-like flexible woody vegetation in hydraulic experiments and for the similarity achieved between the resulting observed vegetated shear layers. These data are expected to be useful in vegetated flows model development and validation, and represent a unique benchmark for the interpretation of the flow-vegetation interaction in partly vegetated channels.
Gerardo Caroppi; Kaisa Västilä; Paola Gualtieri; Juha Järvelä; Maurizio Giugni; Paweł M. Rowiński. Acoustic Doppler velocimetry (ADV) data on flow-vegetation interaction with natural-like and rigid model plants in hydraulic flumes. Data in Brief 2020, 32, 106080 .
AMA StyleGerardo Caroppi, Kaisa Västilä, Paola Gualtieri, Juha Järvelä, Maurizio Giugni, Paweł M. Rowiński. Acoustic Doppler velocimetry (ADV) data on flow-vegetation interaction with natural-like and rigid model plants in hydraulic flumes. Data in Brief. 2020; 32 ():106080.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGerardo Caroppi; Kaisa Västilä; Paola Gualtieri; Juha Järvelä; Maurizio Giugni; Paweł M. Rowiński. 2020. "Acoustic Doppler velocimetry (ADV) data on flow-vegetation interaction with natural-like and rigid model plants in hydraulic flumes." Data in Brief 32, no. : 106080.
Nowadays, in the definition of effective approaches for the sustainable management of water pressurized systems, the assessment of water leakages in water supply and distribution systems represents a key aspect. Indeed, the large water volumes dispersed yearly provoke relevant environmental, technical and socio-economic costs. Worldwide, many water systems show alarming levels of water losses, due to both the poor sealing of joints and the presence of cracks, enhanced by a high pressure level greater than that strictly required for assuring a proper service level to users. With the aim of analysing the correlation between pressure and leakages, in this work the results of an experimental and a numerical Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) investigation are provided and discussed. With reference to a drilled PVC-A (Polyvinyl Chloride-Alloy) pipe, a new-generation plastic material for water systems use, an experimental investigation was first carried out at the Laboratory of Hydraulics of the University of Naples Federico II, aimed at assessing the leakage-pressure relation for transversal rectangular orifices. A CFD model was then implemented and calibrated with experimental results, to different geometric configurations of the orifice, with the aim of assessing the dependence of the orifice geometry and orientation on the calibration of leakage law parameters.
Roberta Ferraiuolo; Francesco De De Paola; Diana Fiorillo; Gerardo Caroppi; Francesco Pugliese. Experimental and Numerical Assessment of Water Leakages in a PVC-A Pipe. Water 2020, 12, 1804 .
AMA StyleRoberta Ferraiuolo, Francesco De De Paola, Diana Fiorillo, Gerardo Caroppi, Francesco Pugliese. Experimental and Numerical Assessment of Water Leakages in a PVC-A Pipe. Water. 2020; 12 (6):1804.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoberta Ferraiuolo; Francesco De De Paola; Diana Fiorillo; Gerardo Caroppi; Francesco Pugliese. 2020. "Experimental and Numerical Assessment of Water Leakages in a PVC-A Pipe." Water 12, no. 6: 1804.
In mountain areas, natural hazards, e.g., flooding, snow avalanches, droughts, and landslides are triggered by climate change, anthropization, and economic development. Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs) are attracting increasing interest as they are able to couple technical solutions against natural hazards with ecological and socio-economic resilience. On this matter, the four-year H2020 Innovation Action “PHUSICOS—According to Nature” (Grant Agreement nr. 776681) project aims to assess the effectiveness of NBSs and hybrid solutions to hinder hydro-meteorological events in rural and mountainous areas in Europe. Among the ongoing activities within the project, a multi-criteria tool was implemented to assess the effectiveness of NBSs measures from the technical, environmental, and socio-economic perspectives. In this work, the preliminary application of the assessment tool to the Isar River (DE) PHUSICOS concept case is discussed, with reference to an ex-post analysis of the flood risk management plan, comparing the performances of the implemented NBS project scenario against a potential grey solution.
Francesco Pugliese; Gerardo Caroppi; Aude Zingraff-Hamed; Gerd Lupp; Maurizio Giugni. Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs) Application for Hydro-Environment Enhancement. A Case Study of the Isar River (DE). Environmental Sciences Proceedings 2020, 2, 2030 .
AMA StyleFrancesco Pugliese, Gerardo Caroppi, Aude Zingraff-Hamed, Gerd Lupp, Maurizio Giugni. Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs) Application for Hydro-Environment Enhancement. A Case Study of the Isar River (DE). Environmental Sciences Proceedings. 2020; 2 (1):2030.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesco Pugliese; Gerardo Caroppi; Aude Zingraff-Hamed; Gerd Lupp; Maurizio Giugni. 2020. "Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs) Application for Hydro-Environment Enhancement. A Case Study of the Isar River (DE)." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 2, no. 1: 2030.
Riparian shrubs and trees present a complex, seasonally variable morphology, with flexible stems and leaves efficiently adapting to the flow forcing (reconfiguration). The aim of this paper is to investigate how foliage and reconfiguration affect the flow and mixing in a partly vegetated channel. Specific attention was placed on the velocity statistics, onset and coherence of turbulent structures, and lateral momentum transport at the horizontal interface between vegetation and open water. The experimental flume arrangement was novel in that it allowed investigating the lateral shear layer induced by flexible riparian plants. The natural-like vegetation consisted of emergent woody plants and a grassy understory, with density, morphology and reconfiguration behavior comparable to those found in real riparian areas. Investigations were conducted under foliated and leafless conditions to determine the seasonality effects. The mean and turbulent flow structure was determined with acoustic Doppler velocimetry, and dynamic plant motions were investigated from video footage. The presence of foliage enhanced the drag discontinuity at the interface, resulting in more pronounced velocity gradients between the vegetated and open areas compared to the leafless conditions. Foliation induced stronger shear layer-scale mixing, whereas, under leafless conditions, the local mixing induced by stems was more important. The reconfiguration decreased the coherence of the two-dimensional large-scale vortices at the interface while their characteristic frequency was consistent with the canonical mixing layer theory. Our results indicated that shear layer dynamics in partly vegetated channels was influenced strongly by morphology and reconfiguration of complex plants, with more efficient lateral momentum transport at the interface in the foliated conditions than previously reported for shear layers induced by simpler vegetation.
Gerardo Caroppi; Kaisa Västilä; Juha Järvelä; Paweł M. Rowiński; Maurizio Giugni. Turbulence at water-vegetation interface in open channel flow: Experiments with natural-like plants. Advances in Water Resources 2019, 127, 180 -191.
AMA StyleGerardo Caroppi, Kaisa Västilä, Juha Järvelä, Paweł M. Rowiński, Maurizio Giugni. Turbulence at water-vegetation interface in open channel flow: Experiments with natural-like plants. Advances in Water Resources. 2019; 127 ():180-191.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGerardo Caroppi; Kaisa Västilä; Juha Järvelä; Paweł M. Rowiński; Maurizio Giugni. 2019. "Turbulence at water-vegetation interface in open channel flow: Experiments with natural-like plants." Advances in Water Resources 127, no. : 180-191.
This laboratory study aimed at investigating the mean and turbulent characteristics of a densely vegetated flow by testing four different submergence ratios. The channel bed was covered by a uniform array of aligned metallic cylinders modeling rigid submerged vegetation. Instantaneous velocities, acquired with a three-component acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV), were used to analyze the mean and turbulent flow structure. The heterogeneity of the flow field was described by the distributions of mean velocities, turbulent intensities, skewness, kurtosis, Reynolds stresses, and Eulerian integral scales. The exchange processes at the flow–vegetation interface were explored by applying the turbulence triangle technique, a far less common technique for vegetated flows based on the invariant maps of the anisotropic Reynolds stress tensor.
Gerardo Caroppi; Paola Gualtieri; Nicola Fontana; Maurizio Giugni. Vegetated Channel Flows: Turbulence Anisotropy at Flow–Rigid Canopy Interface. Geosciences 2018, 8, 259 .
AMA StyleGerardo Caroppi, Paola Gualtieri, Nicola Fontana, Maurizio Giugni. Vegetated Channel Flows: Turbulence Anisotropy at Flow–Rigid Canopy Interface. Geosciences. 2018; 8 (7):259.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGerardo Caroppi; Paola Gualtieri; Nicola Fontana; Maurizio Giugni. 2018. "Vegetated Channel Flows: Turbulence Anisotropy at Flow–Rigid Canopy Interface." Geosciences 8, no. 7: 259.