The stool antigen test (SAT) and the serumHelicobacter pylori(H. pylori) IgG antibody assays exhibit significant utility in the clinical diagnosis ofH. pyloriinfection and in distinguishing between acute and chronic infections. The main objective of the current study was to identify the diagnostic value of serumH. pyloriIgG antibody and SAT in the detection ofH. pyloriinfections among chronicH. pylori-infected patients residing in Ibb Governorate, Yemen. 200 patients withH. pyloriinfection, confirmed through positive results in the serum immunochromatographic antibody test, were selected forH. pyloriinfection confirmation using serumH. pyloriIgG antibodies and SAT across diverse hospitals, gastroenterology, and Hepatology clinics in Ibb Governorate. After the selection of patients, blood and stool specimens were obtained from all participants and underwent analysis via the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The prevalence ofH. pyloriinfection demonstrated variability based on the confirmatory tests, with rates of 54% for SAT and 78.5% for serumH. pyloriIgG antibody, contrasting with a 100% prevalence observed in the screening serum immunochromatographic antibody test. Clinically, the study categorizedH. pyloriinfections into four stages, whereby a significant proportion of patients (40.5%) exhibited positivity for both serumH. pyloriIgG antibody and SAT, indicative of active chronic infections. The majority of positive cases only manifested serumH. pyloriIgG antibody presence (chronic infections) at 38%, whereas 13.5% exclusively tested positive for SAT, corresponding to acute infections. Moreover, 88% of patients did not have either serumH. pyloriIgG antibody or SAT (absence of infections) during confirmatory tests. Noteworthy is the study's approach employing multiple tests forH. pyloriinfection detection, focusing predominantly on chronic infections-prevailing types caused byH. pylori. The results revealed a significant association between serum levels ofH. pyloriIgG antibody and SAT results with the presence of diverse gastrointestinal symptoms among patients, which increased with longH. pyloriinfection durations.

Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a carcinogenic bacterium, it is the greatest risk factor for gastric cancer (GC), according to these evidences, there may be a certain association between chronic H. pylori infections and serum levels of tumor markers. This study was conducted to determine serum levels of some tumor markers, namely carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) and cancer antigen 72-4 (CA72-4) in patients with chronic H. pylori infections and evaluate the association between serum tumor marker levels and chronic patients with H. pylori infections in Ibb Governorate, Yemen. Subjects and methods: This study involved 200 patients who had been diagnosed with H. pylori infections using a serum immunochromatography antibody test. Stool and blood samples were collected from all patients to confirm the presence of H. pylori through detection of serum H. pylori IgG antibody and stool antigen test (SAT). Additionally, serum samples were analyzed to measurement the level of certain tumor markers CEA, CA19-9 and CA72-4. These tests were conducted at various Hospitals, Gastroenterology and Hepatology clinics in Ibb governorate, Yemen from October 2019 to November 2020. Results: The findings of current study showed that the prevalence of H. pylori infections by rapid anti H. pylori test were 200 (100%), 157 (78.5%) by serum H. pylori IgG antibody and 108 (54%) by SAT. In addition, the results showed that 42 (21%) of the patients had abnormal level of CEA, 30 (15%) had abnormal level of CA19-9 and 31 (15.5%) had abnormal level of CA72-4. Most importantly, the results indicated that the serum tumor marker levels CEA, CA19-9 and CA72-4 were correlated with the levels of serum H. pylori IgG antibody as well as positive results from the SAT (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the results indicated that serum tumor marker levels were associated with different infection status. Finally, the results indicated that the serum levels of tumor markers were associated with older ages, symptomatic patients and long duration of H. pylori infections (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicated that there is a significant association between chronic H. pylori infections and the serum levels of tumor markers (CEA, CA19-9 and CA72-4). This suggests that the patients with active chronic H. pylori infection may have an increased risk of developing GC. Therefore, monitoring and early detection of H. pylori infection and tumor markers levels in these patients may be crucial for identifying individuals at higher risk and implementing appropriate interventions.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a persistent autoimmune disease stimulated by a sophisticated system of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL -17. They contribute significantly to the maintenance of inflammation and mediation of joint damage. The current study aimed to examine the relationship between serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-17 A, and IL-17 F and disease activity in Yemeni RA patients. A case-control study was carried out on 101 RA patients and 80 healthy controls (HCs) matched for age and sex. The serum concentration of TNF-α, IL-17 A, and IL-17 F was determined through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Other hematological, inflammatory parameters and serological tests were also assessed. TNF-α, IL-17 A and IL-17 F serum levels were significantly elevated in RA patients than in HCs (P < 0.001) and had a positive correlation with disease activity in RA groups (P < 0.001). Furthermore, a significant positive correlation between levels of TNF-α, IL-17 A, and IL-17 F and the DAS28. The ROC analysis revealed that all the three cytokines TNF-α, IL-17 A, and IL-17 F were effective in distinguishing between RA patients and HCs, with TNF-α having the highest diagnostic accuracy. To define moderate to high disease activity, IL-17 A demonstrated the best individual quality, whereas TNF-α and IL-17 F demonstrated moderate quality. Interaction of the cytokines improved the diagnostic value as both TNF-α and IL-17 A combination and triple combination of TNF-α, IL-17 A and IL17F which supports the benefits of multiplex cytokine testing in RA activity testing as well as discrimination of moderate to high activity RA.