Using recycled concrete (RC) created from building debris to capture, utilize, and sequester CO₂ is a green and sustainable development strategy. Before CO₂ curing, pretreatment can provide a suitable environment for the carbonation reaction of the RC, accelerate the carbonation rate of the RC, and enhance its performance. The effects of the pre-curing time and residual water–cement ratio (Re) on the carbon sequestration rate, carbon sequestration, carbonation depth, and mechanical strength of RC were investigated and validated through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The study demonstrated optimal carbon sequestration properties at a pre-curing time of 5 days. The corresponding carbon sequestration rate, unit carbon sequestration, carbonation depth, and compressive strength were 23.17%, 19.88 g/kg, 15.79 mm, and 28.7 MPa, respectively. Optimal carbon sequestration performance occurred at a Re of 0.26. The measured values were 20.15% (carbon sequestration rate), 17.38 g/kg (unit carbon sequestration), 12.55 mm (carbonation depth), and 31.1 MPa (compressive strength). According to the XRD and SEM results, the effects of pre-curing time and Re were mainly seen in the conversion rate of CaCO₃ and a denser microstructure. This implies that improving the CO₂ curing effect by controlling the pre-curing time and Re can both alleviate the pressure of greenhouse gas emissions and increase the utilization efficiency of RC.