The research reactor is a powerful source of neutron and gamma radiation resulting from nuclear reactions occurring in the reactor. Our project proposes the use of neutron counters of the SNM-18 type. Development of a method for the effective measurement of neutron background using portable gas-discharge neutron counters, also an adjustment and preparation of the registration system, development of the electronic part of detectors with large-area is proposed. To create an automatic system that includes a set of equipment for continuous automatic, remote and rapid quantitative assessment of the neutron flux from a nuclear reactor in the mode real time. The developed equipment is used for the practical use of the method for determining the neutron flux density, which will make it possible to it is necessary to consider the laws of spatial variation of the neutron field. These neutrons have energies of the order of several MeV. The angular distribution of the generated neutrons is almost isotropic. Works on the various configurations of moderators and reflectors for the neutron flux from the WWR-K reactor was carried out The developed methodology will allow us to obtain conclusions about the distribution of neutron flux in the building where the reactor is located, also the effect of neutron flux on the environment from a working WWR-K research reactor located near Almaty city. ССР-Қ зерттеу реакторы реактордағы ядролық реакциялар нәтижесінде пайда болатын нейтрондық және гамма-сәулеленудің қуатты көзі. Бұл мақалада СНМ-18 сияқты нейтрон санағыштарын пайдалану ұсынылады. Жеңіл тасымалданатын санағыштар мен сондай-ақ нейтрондар ағынының тығыздығын өлшеуге арналған жабдықтың көмегімен нейтрондық фонды тиімді өлшеу әдістемесін әзірлеу ұсынылады. Әзірленген әдістеме Алматы қаласы маңында орналасқан ССР-Қ зерттеу реакторынан нейтрондардың қоршаған ортаға әсері туралы қорытынды жасауға мүмкіндік береді, бұл халықтың да, ауыл шаруашылығы алқаптарының да қауіпсіздігін қамтамасыз ету үшін үлкен маңызға ие. Исследовательский реактор является мощным источником нейтронного и гамма-излучения, возникающих в результате протекающих в реакторе ядерных реакций. В данной статье предлагается использование счетчиков нейтронов типа СНМ-18. Предлагается разработка методики эффективного измерения нейтронного фона при помощи переносных газоразрядных нейтронных счетчиков, а также наладка и подготовка системы регистрации, разработка электронной части детекторов большой площади. Создание автоматической системы, включающей в себя комплекс аппаратуры для непрерывного автоматического, дистанционного и экспрессного определения количественной оценки потока нейтронов от ядерного реактора в режиме реального времени. Разрабатываемая аппаратура применяема для практического использования метода определения плотности потока нейтронов, что даст возможность учесть закономерности пространственного изменения поля нейтронов. Эти нейтроны имеют энергии порядка нескольких МэВ и их угловое распределение практически изотропно. Проведены работы по отработке различных конфигурации замедлителей и отражателей для потока нейтронов от реактора ВВР-К. Разработанная методика позволит сделать выводы о распределении потоков нейтронов в здании, где располагается реактор, а также влиянии этих потоков на окружающую среду от работающего исследовательского реактора ВВР-К, расположенного вблизи города Алматы. Зерттеу реакторы-реакторда пайда болатын ядролық реакциялар нәтижесінде пайда болатын нейтрондық және гамма-сәулеленудің қуатты көзі болып табылады. Бұл мақалада СНМ - 18 типті нейтрон есептегіштерін қолдану ұсынылады. Тасымалданатын газ разрядты нейтрондық есептегіштердің көмегімен нейтрондық фонды тиімді өлшеу әдістемесін әзірлеу, сондай-ақ тіркеу жүйесін реттеу және дайындау, үлкен аумақты детекторлардың электрондық бөлігін әзірлеу ұсынылады....

High energy particles reaching the Earth’s atmosphere are known as cosmic rays. As a result of interactions with nuclei of air molecules, cosmic rays induce showers of secondary particles, which can be divided into 3 components: electromagnetic, hadronic and muonic components. The Experiment with Multi Muon Array (EMMA), located at the depth of 75 m in the Pyhäsalmi mine in Finland, investigates the muonic component of the Extensive Air Showers (EAS) to deduce the direction, energy, and the mass of the primary cosmic ray particles. In this paper we give a concise description and methodology used by EMMA followed by a brief review of the C14 experiment. Finally, we review the feasibility to host in the Pyhäsalmi mine a future large-scale liquid-based neutrino detector and implement a novel concept of acoustic detection of neutrinos in bedrock utilizing the network of many kilometers of boreholes surrounding the now-exploited ore body. Частицы высокой энергии, достигающие атмосферы Земли, известны как космические лучи. В результате взаимодействия с ядрами молекул воздуха космические лучи вызывают потоки вторичных частиц, которые можно разделить на 3 составляющие: электромагнитную, адронную и мюонную. Эксперимент с мульти-мюонным массивом (EMMA), расположенным на глубине 75 м в шахте Пюхясалми в Финляндии, исследует мюонную составляющую широких атмосферных ливней (EAS) для вывода направления, энергии и массы частиц первичного космического луча. В этой статье мы даем краткое описание и методологию, используемую EMMA, а затем краткий обзор эксперимента C14. В итоге, мы рассматриваем возможность размещения в шахте Пюхясалми будущего крупномасштабного жидкостного нейтринного детектора и реализуем новую концепцию акустического обнаружения нейтрино в коренных породах с использованием сети многокилометровых скважин, окружающих ныне эксплуатируемое рудное тело. Частицы высокой энергии, достигающие атмосферы Земли, известны как космические лучи. В результате взаимодействия с ядрами молекул воздуха космические лучи вызывают потоки вторичных частиц, которые можно разделить на 3 составляющие: электромагнитную, адронную и мюонную. Эксперимент с мультимюонным массивом (EMMA), расположенным на глубине 75м в шахте Пюхясалми в Финляндии, исследует мюонную составляющую широких атмосферных ливней (EAS) для вывода направления, энергии и массы частиц первичного космического луча. В этой статье дается краткое описание и методология, используемая EMMA, а затем краткий обзор эксперимента C14. В итоге, рассматриватся возможность размещения в шахте Пюхясалми будущего крупномасштабного жидкостного нейтринного детектора и реализуется новая концепция акустического обнаружения нейтрино в коренных породах с использованием сети многокилометровых скважин, окружающих ныне эксплуатируемое рудное тело.

The article examines the process of modeling and registering neutron flux in the horizontal channel of the critical experimental reactor facility of the WWR-K reactor. The focus is on the use of neutron detectors, such as the SNM-18 and a scintillation detector based on ortho-carborane. The work employed modeling methods using the GEANT4 software package, enabling a detailed study of neutron interactions with various moderators, including polyethylene, boron-containing polyethylene, and configurations without moderators.The research involved the development and testing of methodologies for registering neutron fluxes in different operating modes of the critical assembly. The use of scintillators with ortho-carborane additives provided high sensitivity, allowing for accurate neutron flux registration. Furthermore, the data obtained from modeling and experimental studies were processed using modern analysis tools such as ROOT.The results contribute to the advancement of technologies in neutron measurements, nuclear physics, and radiation safety. These approaches can be applied to improve neutron detection methods, which are important for both scientific research and industrial applications.

The High-Energy Ray Observatory (HERO) is a space-based experiment designed to measure the spectrum and composition of cosmic rays using an ionization calorimeter. The instrument’s effective geometric factor is at least 12 m²·sr for protons and 16 m²·sr or more for nuclei and electrons. Over an exposure period of approximately 5 to 7 years, the mission will enable high-resolution, element-by-element measurements of cosmic ray spectra in the energy range of 10¹² to 10¹⁶ eV per particle. A Monte Carlo simulation of the calorimeter—based on a scintillation detector with and without boron additives—was carried out using the GEANT4 software package. In this study, we examine the impact of boron additives in scintillator materials on energy resolution and their potential for discriminating between electromagnetic and hadronic components of cosmic rays. The primary objectives are to demonstrate that boron does not degrade detector characteristics and that it enables an additional timing-based method for cosmic-ray component rejection. The planned launch of the orbital experiment is scheduled for no earlier than 2029.

For further investigation of the properties of the muon component in the core regions of extensive air showers (EASs), a new underground hodoscopic set-up with a total sensitive area of 22 m² was built at the Tien Shan High Mountain Cosmic Ray Station. The hodoscope is based on a set of large-sized scintillation charged particle detectors with an output signal of analog type. The installation ensures a (5–8) GeV energy threshold of muon registration and a ∼${10}^4$ dynamic range for the measurement of the density of muon flux. A program facility was designed that uses modern machine learning techniques for automated search for the typical scintillation pulse pattern in an oscillogram of a noisy analog signal at the output of the hodoscope detector. The program provides a ∼99% detection probability of useful signals, with a relative share of false positives below 1%, and has a sufficient operation speed for real-time analysis of incoming data. Complete verification of the hardware and software tools was performed under realistic operation conditions, and the results obtained demonstrate the correctness of the proposed method and its practical applicability to the investigation of the muon flux in EASs. In the course of the installation testing, a preliminary physical result was obtained concerning the rise of the multiplicity of muon particles around an EAS core in dependence on the primary EAS energy.

This review provides a comprehensive analysis of current trends in the development and application of scintillation materials for neutron detection. A bibliometric methodology was applied using structured keyword queries across major academic databases (Google Scholar, Scopus, and eLibrary) to evaluate over 350,000 publications. The search focused on four thematic dimensions: material types, physical properties, detection technologies, and applied uses. Key attention is given to high light-yield materials capable of pulse shape discrimination, including doped crystals (LaBr₃, CLYC, GAGG:Ce), hybrid systems, and fiberbased scintillators. Analysis of publications from 2020-2025 shows that nearly half of all literature has emerged in the last five years, confirming high research activity. English dominates as the primary language of dissemination, while Kazakh-language contributions remain absent. The findings support a four-fold classification framework and may serve as a strategic tool for material selection and detector development in nuclear monitoring, space missions, and radiation diagnostics.