MXene materials have great potential for energy storage applications, owing to their unique two-dimensional structure, exceptional electrical conductivity, and versatile surface chemistry. However, the practical utilization of pristine MXenes is hindered by several intrinsic limitations, such as interlayer restacking (which impedes ion diffusion), susceptibility to oxidation in aqueous and oxygen-rich environments, instability of surface functional groups, and suboptimal electrical conductivity. The structural engineering and surface modification strategies of MXenes were reviewed in this manuscript. The modification approaches include intercalation, surface functionalization, doping, and composite engineering. The insights presented herein aim to promote the development and practical application of MXene-based materials in next-generation energy storage devices.