Visfatin (nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase) is adipokine which performed many function in organism. It can be expressed in different tissues such as brain, kidneys and visceral adipose tissue. Visfatin takes part in many molecular processes including apoptosis, inflammation, cell proliferation. It affects the glucose metabolism and is involved in pathogenesis of diabetes, insulin resistance, arterosclerosis and obesity. Moreover studies suggest that visfatin also may be associated with development of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy. The goal of the study is the assessment of influence of different visfatin’s gene variants on occurrence of late diabetic complications. Study group consisted 272 patients with diabetes- 139 men and 133 women from Southern Poland. Selected DNA fragments were amplificated and marked. Visfatin’s gene in rs4730153 was examined. The Real Time PCR was conducted with fluorescence-labelled probes. The most common genotypes were heterozygote AG- 138 patients (51%) and homozygote GG- 89 patients (33%). In the study group there are 92 diabetics with retinopathy, 26 with nephropathy, 88 with neuropathy and 103 with macroangiopathy. It has been assessed using χ2 test that there are no differences between variability of different variants of visfatin’s gene in distribution of genotypes. According to Hardy-Weinberg's test the variety of population is maintained. Visfatin (nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase) is adipokine which performed many function in organism. It can be expressed in different tissues such as brain, kidneys and visceral adipose tissue. Visfatin takes part in many molecular processes including apoptosis, inflammation, cell proliferation. It affects the glucose metabolism and is involved in pathogenesis of diabetes, insulin resistance, arterosclerosis and obesity. Moreover studies suggest that visfatin also may be associated with development of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy. The goal of the study is the assessment of influence of different visfatin’s gene variants on occurrence of late diabetic complications. Study group consisted 272 patients with diabetes- 139 men and 133 women from Southern Poland. Selected DNA fragments were amplificated and marked. Visfatin’s gene in rs4730153 was examined. The Real Time PCR was conducted with fluorescence-labelled probes. The most common genotypes were heterozygote AG- 138 patients (51%) and homozygote GG- 89 patients (33%). In the study group there are 92 diabetics with retinopathy, 26 with nephropathy, 88 with neuropathy and 103 with macroangiopathy. It has been assessed using χ2 test that there are no differences between variability of different variants of visfatin’s gene in distribution of genotypes. According to Hardy-Weinberg's test the variety of population is maintained.

Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a chronic disease that remains difficult to treat, even with significant improvements in available medications. While current treatments work well for some, they often do not account for the unique needs of individual patients, leading to less-than-ideal results. Precision medicine offers a new path forward by tailoring treatments to fit each person’s genetic, psychological, and social needs. This review takes a close look at medications for OUD, including methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone, as well as long-acting options that may improve adherence and convenience. Beyond medications, the review highlights the importance of addressing mental health co-morbidities, trauma histories, and social factors like housing or support systems to create personalized care plans. The review also explores how emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence and digital health tools, can enhance how care is delivered. By identifying research gaps and challenges in implementing precision medicine into practice, this review emphasizes the potential to transform OUD treatment. A more individualized approach could improve outcomes, reduce relapse, and establish a new standard of care focused on recovery and patient well-being.