Disordered eating behaviors (DEBs) and eating disorders (EDs) are increasingly recognized as significant public health concerns among university students worldwide. Although research from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region has expanded in recent years, comprehensive population-based studies using standardized assessment tools remain limited. This study aimed to examine the prevalence and predictors of disordered eating attitudes and behaviors among students enrolled at the Saudi Electronic University (SEU), encompassing 15 campuses across Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional, survey-based study was conducted between February and March 2025. The study utilized Arabic-adapted versions of the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) and Behavioral Questions (BQ), prepared through forward–backward translation and pilot testing for cultural and linguistic appropriateness. These instruments were used to assess attitudinal and behavioral aspects of eating risk. Multivariable logistic regression identified independent predictors of disordered eating risk. Among 771 participants (mean age: 25.1 ± 6.3 years; 69.7% female), 27.1% exceeded the EAT-26 clinical threshold (> 20), indicating risk for eating disorders, and 44.2% reported at least one disordered eating behavior. Prior ED diagnosis (OR = 3.33; 95% CI: 1.90–5.85), recent weight loss ≥ 10 kg (OR = 2.75; 95% CI: 1.83–4.13), higher BMI (OR = 1.05; 95% CI: 1.03–1.08), and younger age (OR = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.91–0.98) were significant predictors of elevated EAT-26 scores. For behavioral risk, recent weight loss (OR = 2.22; 95% CI: 1.51–3.27) and higher BMI (OR = 1.02; 95% CI: 1.00–1.05) remained significant. Disordered eating behaviors are prevalent among university students in Saudi Arabia, with notable proportions meeting clinical risk thresholds. These findings underscore the need for early identification, targeted screening, and culturally sensitive interventions within university health services, while recognizing the predominance of female respondents as a study limitation. Addressing this overlooked public health concern aligns with Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 goals to promote youth mental health and strengthen preventive care initiatives. Many young people experience unhealthy eating habits and negative feelings about food or body image. These patterns, known as disordered eating behaviors, can include skipping meals, overeating, purging, or exercising too much to control weight. If left unaddressed, they can lead to serious health problems and eating disorders.This study looked at eating attitudes and behaviors among students from 15 campuses of the Saudi Electronic University. More than one in four students were found to be at high risk for an eating disorder, and nearly half reported at least one unhealthy eating behavior. Students who had recently lost a large amount of weight or had a previous eating disorder diagnosis were especially likely to show these risks.These findings highlight the importance of early screening, awareness, and culturally sensitive health programs within Saudi universities. Promoting positive body image and providing mental health support align with Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 goals to improve youth

Background: With the increasing use of social media, platforms like Twitter (rebranded as X in 2023) have become popular channels for disseminating health information. In Saudi Arabia, Twitter is widely used, making it an effective tool for health awareness. However, the accuracy of nutrition-related content on social media is often questioned. Objective: The study aims to evaluate the accuracy and evidence-based quality of nutrition-related tweets posted by reputable Saudi health and nutrition awareness providers. Methods: A mixed methods content analysis was conducted on tweets published by 7 Saudi health organizations, examining content in Arabic and English over 12 months. Nutrition-related tweets were analyzed for accuracy, popularity, and evidence inclusion by a panel of experts in clinical nutrition, food science, and technology. Results: A total of 531 nutrition-related tweets were included in the study. Findings indicate that 445 (84%) of the tweets were accurate, of which only 17 (4%) included cited evidence. Yet, only 13 (2%) were inaccurate. The highest number of tweets are from Saudi Food and Drug Administration (SFDA) 96 (18%), Gulf Health Council (GHC) 91 (17%), Saudi Society for Clinical Nutrition (SSCN) 89 (16%), Kayl Association for Combating Obesity 83 (16%) and National Nutrition Committee (NNC) 80 (15%) and the lowest is Ministry of Health (MOH) 31 (5%). Significant relationships were observed between tweet accuracy and the source organization ( P =.009, 95% CI 0.008‐0.01), content type ( P =.03, 95% CI 0.03‐0.03), and tweet timing ( P =.04, 95% CI 0.04‐0.04). Governmental sources had higher popularity and were more frequently accurate compared to nongovernmental sources. Conclusions: Reputable Twitter accounts in Saudi Arabia generally provide accurate nutrition-related content, though evidence citation is minimal. Users are encouraged to rely on reputable accounts for health information, and further research is suggested to explore the quality of evidence in such posts.

Population health management (PHM) has emerged as a central strategy for improving outcomes, reducing avoidable utilization and strengthening system-level performance; however, it remains inconsistently defined and frequently conflated with public health, analytics, or high-performing primary care. This narrative review synthesizes multidisciplinary literature to clarify PHM definitions, compare operational frameworks, identify foundational organizational requirements, and propose a phased implementation pathway grounded in organizational maturity. Searches across major databases identified 42 peer-reviewed articles and authoritative reports published between 2000 and 2024 that addressed PHM conceptual foundations, frameworks, enabling conditions, and implementation strategies. Across diverse models—including accountable care organizations, integrated delivery systems, and national PHM initiatives—common structural components consistently emerged: population attribution and segmentation, targeted intervention design, interoperable data infrastructure, governance alignment, workforce capability, financing integration, and continuous learning. Recurrent barriers included conceptual conflation, fragmented governance, misaligned incentives, and overreliance on analytics without corresponding care redesign. Organizational maturity—rather than analytic sophistication—appears to be the primary determinant of sustainable PHM performance. The evidence suggests that PHM succeeds when conceptual clarity, governance structures, workforce capability, interoperable data systems, and financing alignment coevolve within a deliberate, phased transformation process. Treating PHM as a technical enhancement or isolated program undermines scalability and durability. A maturity-oriented approach provides a practical roadmap for health systems seeking to advance from fragmented initiatives toward sustained population accountability.

Introduction: Disordered eating and body image disturbances are increasingly recognized as pressing public health concerns among young adults. While variable-centered approaches dominate the literature, they may obscure heterogeneity by assuming uniform associations between stress, body image, and eating behaviors. In Saudi Arabia, where rapid sociocultural change, Western beauty ideals, and rising obesity intersect with unique cultural values and academic pressures, university students may exhibit distinct psychosocial phenotypes. Therefore, the study applied latent class analysis (LCA) to identify distinct subgroups characterized by varying levels of stress, body image dissatisfaction, and disordered eating attitudes among students at the Saudi Electronic University. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted from February to March, 2025 across 15 campuses of the Saudi Electronic University. Validated instruments included the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), and Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ-8). Latent class models (2–5 classes) were estimated using Gaussian mixture modeling. Bayesian Information Criterion, model parsimony, and interpretability guided class selection. Demographic correlates (age, sex, BMI, marital status) were assessed using χ ² , ANOVA, and multinomial logistic regression. Results: Among 771 respondents (mean age 25·1 years, 69.65% women, mean BMI 24.94 kg/m ² ), a four-class solution best fit the data. Class 0 (22·8%) exhibited Body Image Concerned –High Eating Concerns; Class 1 (30·7%) high stress with severe body-image dissatisfaction; Class 2 (9·9%) high eating concerns but low body-image dissatisfaction; and Class 3 (36·6%) moderate stress and body-image vulnerable with modest eating attitudes. Higher BMI increased the odds of Class 0 but reduced the odds of Classes 1 and 3. Female sex predicted lower odds of Classes 1 and 3 but a tendency toward Class 2. Age and marital status were not consistent predictors. Conclusion: Saudi university students exhibit heterogeneous stress–eating–body image profiles, including a large subclinical group and a behaviorally at-risk subgroup without overt body-image dissatisfaction. These findings support stratified prevention strategies: stress-management for stress-dominated groups, behavioral monitoring for Class 2, and early preventive interventions for Class 3. Culturally adapted, sex-sensitive approaches aligned with Saudi Vision 2030 are warranted to reduce the burden of disordered eating.

Objective: This study aimed to assess whether coffee consumption affects the efficacy or onset time of local anesthesia (LA) in healthy adults using electric pulp testing (EPT). Method: A single-blinded, randomized, exploratory pilot crossover clinical trial was conducted at the dental hospital at Umm Al-Qura University. Ten healthy participants (five females, five males; aged 18–30 years) with intact upper premolars were included. Each participant served as both the intervention (coffee) and control (no coffee) group within one month. In the intervention session, participants consumed one cup of instant coffee containing approximately 45–50 mg of caffeine, a low-to-moderate caffeine dose, and waited 20 min before testing. EPT was used to assess pulpal anesthesia following administration of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine. EPT measurements were recorded pre- and post-LA. Effectiveness was compared using McNemar’s test, and onset time was analyzed using paired t-tests. Results: All participants achieved complete pulpal anesthesia (maximum EPT reading = 64) in both coffee and no-coffee sessions. This uniform response produced a measurement ceiling effect, precluding meaningful statistical comparison. The mean pre-LA EPT readings were 20.4 ± 6.9 (range 9–31.3) for the control group and 24.3 ± 7.2 (range 14–37.3) for the coffee group. Both groups achieved anesthesia within approximately two minutes. Conclusion: From this preliminary study, coffee consumption did not affect the onset or effectiveness of local anesthesia in healthy adults. Within the limitations of this small crossover pilot study, these findings indicate no observable difference, though not definitive equivalence. Larger-scale studies are warranted to confirm these preliminary results.