The prevalence of inactive lifestyles has increased, leading to detrimental effects on health. Sedentary behavior refers to any action that involves extended periods of sitting, reclining, or lying down and requires minimal energy expenditure. Insufficient physical activity is prevalent among one-third of the global population aged 15 years and older, leading to adverse health effects. Nevertheless, there is a lack of awareness regarding the health hazards associated with sedentary behaviors. The prevalence of sedentary lifestyles is expanding globally due to limited opportunities for physical activity, the rise in sedentary work environments including office jobs, and the growing prevalence of television and video devices. As a result, the related health issues are increasing. Sedentary behaviors have a broad range of negative effects on the human body, including an increased risk of death from any cause, death from cardiovascular disease, cancer, and metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. They also increase the risk of musculoskeletal disorders like arthralgia and osteoporosis, as well as depression and cognitive impairment. Therefore, minimizing sedentary behaviors and boosting physical exercise are both vital to promote public health.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to prove that type 2 diabetes mellitus can induce increasing inflammation marker in renal and that the provision of darapladib as Lp-LA2 Inhibitor agents can inhibit inflammation that were measured from the expression of IL-1B and IL-6- type cytokine in renal. This study also discusses the correlation between IL-1B and IL-6- type cytokine expression in renal. Methods: Thirty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into three main groups; those are negative control group (NC), Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus group (T2DM) given high fat diet (HFD) with streptozotocin intraperitoneal injection (35mg/kg BW) and diabetes mellitus + darapladib group (DM + DP). Each group was treated within two serial treatment time: 8 weeks and 16 weeks. Expressions of IL-1B and IL-6- type cytokine in renal were the markers that we measured by immunofluorosense method. Results: The administration of darapladib can significantly decrease the expression of IL-1B- type cytokine (p ANOVA = 0.029, p < 0.005) measured in rats’ renal both at weeks 8 and 16 in the T2DM group. The Expression of IL-6- type cytokine also showed a significant difference after treated with darapladib both at weeks 8 and 16 in T2DM group with p-value of ANOVA = 0.033, p < 0.005. The Pearson correlation showed a strong correlation (linear regression value was r² = 0.743). Conclusion: Our results show that atherosclerosis caused by inflammation in renal T2DM SD rats could be inhibited by the administration of darapladib.

The Effect of Add-on Garcinia mangostana L. Extract on Endothelial Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Subjects with High Risk Framingham Score: A Cohort Study

Atherosclerosis is the pivotal role of cardiovascular disease (CVD) involving oxidative stress dan inflammation. Garcinia has anti-oxidant property for years. This study was performed to explore the role of α-Mangostin of Garcia Mangostana Pericarp Extract as an antioxidant in inhibiting atherosclerotic process in patients with high-risk Framingham score. Methods: This prospective cohort design was led in 90 grown-ups with high hazard cardiovascular score which were resolved dependent on Framingham criteria, age 50–70 years of age. The patients were divided into two groups. One group was administered 2520 mg/day Garcinia mangostana Linn extracts (GMLE) in 3 divided doses for 90 days and the other group was administered a placebo. Parameters were Nitric Oxide (NO), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Malondialdehyde (MDA), measured at baseline and after 90 days of treatment. An Independent T-test was performed for normally distributed data and the Mann-Whitney test was performed for abnormally distributed data with a significance level of p≤0.05. Results: Among the 77 subjects, we found that the plasma, MDA, concentration was significantly decreased compared with placebo 0,29±0.5 vs -0.04±0.25, respectively p = 0.011). SOD level significantly decreased in GMLE patients compared with placebo patients (0,17±0.79 vs -0.27±0.67, respectively, p=0.010) and we found that there was slightly increased in nitric oxide (NO), but no significantly compared with placebo 4.34±10.01 and 2.35±7.39, respectively, p = 0.37). Conclusion: Garcinia mangostana pericarp extract has an antioxidant effect that significantly inhibit atherosclerosis process in high-risk Framingham score patients

Patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) have a risk of postoperative complications that result in prolonged hospitalization and even death. Interventions in the form of phase I cardiac rehabilitation are needed to help speed up the postoperative recovery process and prevent complications after CABG. Although a lot of research has been carried out, it is necessary to conduct further studies of research articles regarding interventions that can be carried out in cardiac rehabilitation programs that are safe and easy to perform in postoperative CABG patients. The purpose of this literature review was to examine safe and effective interven- tions in phase I cardiac rehabilitation in patients undergoing CABG. The implementation of phase I cardiac rehabilitation in patients undergoing CABG started from the preoperative phase and continued postoperatively until the patient was discharged. Phase I cardiac rehabilitation interventions, both pre and postoperative, consist of education and counselling, physical exercise, breathing exercises, effective coughing exercises, inspiratory muscle training, and chest physiotherapy. The results of this literature review can be used as a basis for determin- ing standard operating procedures for the implementation of phase I cardiac rehabilitation for hospitals that provide CABG services.

Aim: Regular exercise is a cornerstone of hypertensive treatment, yet many individuals struggle to maintain consistent exercise routines. Motivation plays a crucial role in fostering sustained engagement in health-promoting behaviors, including exercise. This literature review explores the multifaceted nature of motivation associated to exercise adherence, with a particular emphasis on hypertensive individuals. Result: Motivation is a key factor influencing exercise adherence among individuals with hypertension. The motivators and barriers to exercise adherence can be classified into three principal factors: intrapersonal, interpersonal, and environmental, according to the socioecological model. The motivational aspect of intrapersonal factors including as self-efficacy, responsibility to one’s self, enjoyment, health beliefs, baseline physical activity, cognitive factors, knowledge, vicarious experience, socioeconomic income, sociodemographic factors, and appearance. Interpersonal factor, such as patient-healthcare providers relationship and social support, can either facilitate or hinder exercise adherence. Environmental factors can motivate exercise if there are supportive health care system, available health infrastructure, and suitable setting of exercise. Interventions to enhance motivation are essential for increasing exercise adherence and improving health outcomes. Increased social interaction, building strong social support, establishing of good therapeutic rapport, health education, cognitive-behavioral intervention, and strategies to enhance self-efficacy are several approaches to increase motivation. Moreover, motivational interviewing can be applied by the healthcare providers as a counseling approach to elicit behavior change by resolving patient ambivalence and sustaining long-term motivation for exercise adherence. Conclusion: Existing literature indicates a robust association between motivation and exercise adherence in individuals with hypertension. While certain motivational strategies have demonstrated potential, further research is needed to facilitate long-term behavior change and alleviate the burden of hypertension at both individual and population levels.