Antibiotics are a cornerstone of modern medicine, saving countless lives. However, their widespread use presents two major challenges. First, antibiotic-induced changes in the microbiome can disrupt immune function, increasing the susceptibility to diseases associated with these alterations. Second, prolonged antibiotic use fosters the proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes, leading to the emergence of resistant strains and threatening our ability to control infections. These challenges highlight an urgent global health crisis, necessitating in-depth investigation into the multifaceted effects of antibiotic exposure on microbiome dynamics and human health. In this review, we explore the potential effects of antibiotic exposure on the microbiome and its implications for overall health. Additionally, we examine the role of emerging technologies in addressing these challenges and in shaping future antibiotic development. Our goal is to provide insights that will inform more effective public health strategies and interventions aimed at mitigating the adverse consequences of antibiotic use, restoring microbial balance, and improving overall health outcomes.

Background: Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the clinical management of cancer due to its promising survival benefits. Although FDA-approved cancer immunotherapy primarily leverages adaptive immunity for therapeutic efficacy, the critical role of innate immunity in tumor surveillance and eradication has been increasingly recognized. Recently, with the deepening of research in this field, macrophages have emerged as key effectors of the innate anti-tumor response, with antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) becoming one of the primary mechanisms involved in cancer immunotherapy. As such, exploring ADCP-inducing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as forefront therapeutic regimens for patients with cancer is therefore highly sought after. Main body: Here, we broadly summarize recent translational advances in harnessing macrophage phagocytosis as a pivotal therapeutic approach in cancer immunotherapy, especially addressing how intravital imaging sheds light on ADCP in a real-time manner. Moreover, various challenges for targeting phagocytosis, strategies to enhance ADCP, and factors limiting its efficiency have also been summarized. We also investigated the potential of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) macrophages as a next-generation therapeutic modality that bridges the innate and adaptive immune systems to induce robust anti-tumor immune responses. Conclusions: The insights presented in this review will set the scene for future investigations of possible alternative approaches that consider the antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis for improved cancer immunotherapy.

All living organisms possess a DNA damage response (DDR) that is important for genetic evolution. Cells have developed comprehensive mechanisms for addressing DNA damage, collectively called the DNA damage response and repair. External environmental stress continuously disrupts genomic integrity and triggers various pathological changes. The failure of the DDR network often drives cell carcinogenesis, and its core components not only serve as biological markers for disease monitoring but also represent highly promising molecular targets for targeted therapy. Therefore, there is a high level of interest in exploring DDR-related biomarkers as cutting-edge therapeutic regimens and developing highly sensitive tools for DDR diagnosis. These methods should assess the rate of damage occurrence and distinguish when repair pathways are activated. These kinds of advances are key to preserving genetic stability and detecting and preventing diseases early. Here, we provide a broad summary of recent advances in DDR detection technologies, with a particular focus on the complementarity between different techniques. We have also summarized current technological bottlenecks, future research paradigms, and clinical translation pathways. The insights presented in this review will contribute to the development of multidisciplinary integrated DDR detection technologies, promote the establishment of DDR biomarker detection systems, and provide crucial methodological references for targeted drug development, efficacy evaluation, and resistance mechanism research targeting the DDR pathway.