Glioblastoma (GBM) remains one of the most aggressive and treatment-resistant brain tumors, necessitating novel therapeutic approaches. Oncolytic treatments, particularly oncolytic viruses (OVs), have emerged as promising candidates by selectively infecting and lysing tumor cells while stimulating anti-tumor immunity. Various virus-based therapies are under investigation, including genetically engineered herpes simplex virus (HSV), adenovirus, poliovirus, reovirus, vaccinia virus, measles virus, and Newcastle disease virus, each exploiting unique tumor-selective mechanisms. While some, such as HSV-based therapies including G207 and Delytact^TM, have demonstrated clinical progress, significant challenges persist, including immune evasion, heterogeneity in patient response, and delivery barriers due to the blood–brain barrier. Moreover, combination strategies integrating OVs with immune checkpoint inhibitors, chemotherapy, and radiation are promising but require further clinical validation. Non-viral oncolytic approaches, such as tumor-targeting bacteria and synthetic peptides, remain underexplored. This review highlights current advancements while addressing critical gaps in the literature, including the need for optimized delivery methods, better biomarker-based patient stratification, and a deeper understanding of GBM’s immunosuppressive microenvironment. Future research should focus on enhancing OV specificity, engineering viruses to deliver therapeutic genes, and integrating OVs with precision medicine strategies. By identifying these gaps, this review provides a framework for advancing oncolytic therapies in GBM treatment.

Hyperprolactinemia is a common finding in endocrine practice. An underappreciated cause of mild prolactin elevation is venipuncture-induced stress, which may lead to false-positive diagnoses and unnecessary downstream investigations. Cannulated prolactin testing (CPT) was developed to minimize procedural stress and exploit prolactin's short half-life to unmask true basal secretion. This narrative review examines the physiological rationale, clinical evidence, and practical application of CPT in the evaluation of suspected venipuncture-induced mild hyperprolactinemia. Across predominantly retrospective cohorts, CPT results in prolactin normalization in approximately 25 to 70% of patients with mild hyperprolactinemia, indicating that many mild elevations are transient and nonpathological. Failure to normalize during CPT is consistently associated with a higher prevalence of pituitary abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), supporting its role as a gatekeeper to imaging. Available data suggest that the diagnostic yield of CPT is greatest when referral prolactin concentrations are below approximately two to three times the upper limit of normal, although there is no universally agreed exact threshold. Despite its clinical relevance, CPT remains variably implemented and methodologically heterogeneous across studies. Prospective, standardized studies are needed to define optimal protocols and identify the highest-yield clinical indications.