The use of distributed data storage and management structures, such as Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT), in the energy sector has gained great interest in recent times. This opens up new possibilities in e.g. microgrid management, aggregation of distributed resources, peer-to-peer trading, integration of electromobility or proof-of-origin strategies. However, in order to benefit from those new possibilities, new challenges have to be overcome. This work focuses on one of these challenges, which is the need to ensure interoperability when integrating DLT-enabled devices in energy use cases. Firstly, the use of DLTs in the energy sector will be analyzed and the main use cases will be presented. Then, a classification of DLT-Energy use cases will be proposed. Secondly, the need for a common reference architecture framework to analyze those use cases with a focus on interoperability will be discussed and the current activities in research and standardization in this field will be presented. Finally, a new common reference architecture framework based on current activities in standardization will be presented.

The electrical power system is composed of three essential sectors, generation, transmission, and distribution, with the latter being crucial for the overall efficiency of the system. Enhancing the capabilities of active distribution networks involves integrating various advanced technologies such as distributed generation units, energy storage systems, banks of capacitors, and electric vehicle chargers. This paper provides an in-depth review of the primary strategies for incorporating these technologies into the distribution network to improve its reliability, stability, and efficiency. It also explores the principal metaheuristic techniques employed for the optimal allocation of distributed generation units, banks of capacitors, energy storage systems, electric vehicle chargers, and network reconfiguration. These techniques are essential for effectively integrating these technologies and optimizing the active distribution network by enhancing power quality and voltage level, reducing losses, and ensuring operational indices are maintained at optimal levels.

Purpose. To develop and carry out experimental testing of a laboratory testbench for remote control of a diaphragm compressor with PID control capability, integrated into the architecture of a WebHMI-based SCADA system, suitable for educational and research purposes in the field of automated electric drive and control engineering. Methodology. Methods of critical analysis and logical generalisation of research results in the field of remote control, automatic control theory, computer modelling, and experimental verification of the functional characteristics of the system were used. The developed methodology included architecture design, integration of hardware and software components, tuning of PID controller parameters, and verification of system performance under remote access conditions. Findings. The structural architecture of the stand was implemented, combining a programmable logic controller, frequency converter, Raspberry PI, video cameras and WebHMI into a single information environment. Real-time monitoring and control, data archiving and experimental scenario playback were provided. Verification tests confirmed the correctness of data exchange, the stability of PID control to changes in settings and external disturbances, as well as the operability of the web interface in conditions of global access. Originality. An architectural solution has been proposed that integrates a web-oriented SCADA platform with industrial-level control algorithms, enabling the implementation of a remote laboratory complex for compressor units and other similar systems with the ability to control and visualise the process in a multi-user environment. Practical value. The developed testbench can be used in the educational process to develop practical skills in the field of automated electric drive, control engineering, as well as in scientific research to test control algorithms and analyse the characteristics of compressor systems. The results obtained create the prerequisites for further scaling of the system and expanding its functionality.