Objectives: Acute drug poisoning represents a significant public health issue among the pediatric population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of drug poisoning in children and adolescents in the Vojvodina region from 2018 to 2023. Methods: In a retrospective observational study, 82 patients with confirmed drug poisoning were included, and data was collected regarding demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations, types of drugs involved, and the therapeutic interventions administered. The severity of poisonings was evaluated using the Poisoning Severity Score, and toxicological analysis was performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results: The results indicated that poisonings were most prevalent in adolescent girls (72%), with 78% of cases resulting from intentional poisoning, while unintentional poisoning was more common in children. Benzodiazepines, antipsychotics, and analgesics were the primary drugs causing these poisoning incidents. The majority of patients (78%) experienced mild clinical symptoms, whereas 9% of pediatric patients suffered from severe poisoning, related to complications such as aspiration pneumonia and acute renal failure. Addressing pediatric drug poisoning in Vojvodina requires an increased focus on preventive strategies, including parental education and appropriate psychosocial support for the youth. Conclusions: Through collaborative efforts among healthcare providers, educators, and policymakers, prevention, treatment, and support mechanisms can be enhanced to combat this pressing public health challenge.

The gut microbiota plays an important role in immune homeostasis, allergic disease pathogenesis, and drug metabolism, potentially influencing therapeutic efficacy and safety. Conversely, pharmacotherapy may modify gut microbial composition and function, creating bidirectional host–drug–microbiome interactions that remain incompletely understood. This narrative review summarises current evidence on interactions between the microbiome and therapies for allergic diseases, focusing on antihistamines, corticosteroids, leukotriene receptor antagonists, and biologic agents. Evidence is evaluated from two complementary perspectives: an exposure axis, relevant mainly to orally administered drugs, and a response axis, particularly applicable to biologic therapies. Direct microbial biotransformation has been demonstrated most convincingly for glucocorticoids, with the organosteroid reductase ABC (OsrABC) pathway of Clostridium steroidoreducens reducing systemic prednisolone exposure in a gnotobiotic model. For H₁-antihistamines and leukotriene receptor antagonists, evidence remains limited and inconsistent. The microbiota may also indirectly influence treatment outcomes through effects on epithelial barrier integrity, microbial metabolite production, and immune regulation. Although anti-allergic therapies can alter gut, airway, and skin microbial communities, no validated microbiome signature currently predicts treatment efficacy or safety. Future prospective studies integrating microbiome, metabolome, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and clinical data are needed to establish reliable biomarkers and support personalised pharmacotherapy for allergic diseases.