Stem-end rot disease has been causing damage to the production of pomelos in Vietnam. The cur-rent study aimed to (i) isolate fungal pathogens causing pomelo stem-end rot disease (PSERD) and (ii) discover Trichoderma spp. that had an antagonistic ability against pathogens under in vitro conditions. Fungi causing PSERD were isolated from pomelo fruits with symptoms of stem-end rot disease and collected from pomelo farms in Ben Tre province, Vietnam. Moreover, 50 fungal strains of Trichoderma spp. also originated from soils of these pomelo farms in Ben Tre province and were dual-tested with the fungal pathogen on the PDA medium. The results demonstrated that 11 pathogenic fungi causing PSERD were isolated from the fruit and showed mycelial growth of roughly 5.33–8.77 cm diameter at 72 h after inoculation. The two fungi that exhibited the fast-est growth, namely, S-P06 and S-P07, were selected. ITS sequencing of the S-P06 and S-P07 fungi resulted in Lasiodiplodia theobromae. All the 50 Trichoderma spp. strains were allowed to antago-nize against the S-P06 and S-P07 strains under in vitro conditions. The greatest antagonistic effi-ciency was found in Trichoderma spp. T-SP19 at 85.4–86.2% and T-SP32 at 84.7–85.4%. The two antagonists were identified as Trichoderma asperellum T-SP19 and T-SP32. The selected strains of Trichoderma asperellum were potent as a biological control for fruit plants.

The present study aimed to identify the abilities of the δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) producing purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB), Luteovulum sphaeroides W22 and W47, to reduce the Na⁺ concentration, and to ameliorate the soil fertility, nutrients uptake, growth and yield of rice on the salt-contaminated soil. A two-factor experiment was conducted following a completely randomized block design. The factors were the frequency of applying saline irrigation (zero, one, two, three and four times) and the ALA-producing PNSB supplementation (applying only W22, only W47 and mixed W22 + W47). The results revealed that supplying the PNSB mixture not only reduced the proline content but also increased the plant height, number of panicles per pot, percentage of filled seeds, contents of NH₄⁺, PO₄³⁻, total N, P uptake and grain yield. The mixed PNSB application also reduced the Na content and the total Na uptake in plants. L. sphaeroides W22 and W47 decreased the proline content by 31.3% and increased the grain yield by 27.2% in the condition of applying 5‰ saline irrigation four times.

Potassium (K) is immobilized within the clay minerals, making it unavailable for plant use. Therefore, the current study aimed to (i) select isolates of purple nonsulfur bacteria that can dissolve K (K-PNSB) and (ii) evaluate the production of plant-growth-promoting substances by the K-PNSB isolates. The results revealed that from in-dyked alluvial soils in hybrid maize fields, 61 K-PNSB isolates were obtained under the pH 5.50 conditions. The total dissolved K content (K_dis) by the 61 K-PNSB isolates fluctuated from 56.2 to 98.6 mg L⁻¹. Therein, three isolates, including M-Sl-09, M-So-11, and M-So-14 had K_dis of 48.1–48.8 mg L⁻¹ under aerobic dark condition (ADC) and 47.6–49.7 mg L⁻¹ under microaerobic light condition (MLC). Moreover, these three isolates can also fix nitrogen (19.1–21.5 mg L⁻¹ and 2.64–7.24 mg L⁻¹), solubilize Ca-P (44.3–46.8 mg L⁻¹ and 0.737–6.965 mg L⁻¹), produce indole-3-acetic acid (5.34–7.13 and 2.40–3.23 mg L⁻¹), 5-aminolevulinic acid (1.85–2.39 and 1.53–2.47 mg L⁻¹), siderophores (1.06–1.52 and 0.92–1.26 mg L⁻¹), and exopolymeric substances (18.1–18.8 and 52.0–56.0%), respectively, under ADC and MLC. The bacteria were identified according to their 16S rDNA as Cereibacter sphaeroides M-Sl-09, Rhodopseudomonas thermotolerans M-So-11, and Rhodospeudomonas palustris M-So-14. These potential bacteria should be further investigated as a plant-growth-promoting biofertilizer.

Saline soils negatively affect and cause serious problems for rice cultivation. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the purple nonsulfur bacteria (PNSB) capable of secreting 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) to reduce soil salinity, improve soil fertility, and enhance rice growth and yield. A two-factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Factor one was the salinity of the irrigated water, and factor two was the supplementation of the ALA-producing PNSB. The results indicated that watering with saline water above 3‰ led to decreases in plant growth and rice yield compared to the treatments watered with tap water. Application of either an individual strain or the mixture of W01, W14, and W22 ameliorated soil properties and increased total NPK uptake, whereas treatments supplied with the mixed strains reduced total Na uptake (9.50 mg Na pot⁻¹). Supplying the W01, W14, and W22 strains individually or in a mixture enhanced the plant height by 3.51–5.45% and rice grain yield by 14.7–26.2%, compared with those of the control treatment. From the study, the combination of the L. sphaeroides W01, W14, and W22 strains is promising for application in saline or salt-contaminated regions to aid the damages caused by salinity on cultivars there, especially rice. Furthermore, this is a biological approach to ease an environmental problem and improve crop performance, which is supposed to be a trend in the sustainable agriculture.

The overuse of chemical fertilizers under adverse conditions endangers the sustainability of agriculture. A biological approach should be investigated to address this issue. Therefore, this study aimed to detect the potency of purple non-sulfur bacteria that can fix nitrogen (N) (PNSB-fN) Rhodobacter sphaeroides in soil N fertility, plant N uptake, growth, and rice yield. In brief, an experiment was conducted to check whether the biofertilizer containing PNSB-fN strains can improve rice yield and soil fertility under a highly saline acidic condition. A randomized complete block design was used with four replicates on saline soil in An Bien-Kien Giang, Vietnam. The first factor was the N fertilizer level, i.e., (i) 100%, (ii) 75%, (iii) 50%, and (iv) 0%; the second factor was the PNSB-fN (R. sphaeroides), i.e., (i) the control, (ii) S01, (iii) S06, and (iv) combined S01–S06. In the results, supplying PNSB-fN increased NH₄⁺ compared with the control, i.e., 104.7–112.0 mg NH₄⁺ kg⁻¹ compared with 94.0 mg NH₄⁺ kg⁻¹ in season 1 and 35.9–38.0 mg NH₄⁺ kg⁻¹ compared with 34.2 mg NH₄⁺ kg⁻¹ in season 2. Additionally, by supplying each PNSB-fN strain, the soil Na⁺ and plant Na in culm leaf and grain were decreased in comparison with those in treatments without PNSB-fN. The total N uptake was also enhanced by the PNSB-fN compared with the control. Moreover, supplying PNSB-fN improved the crop height, panicle length, panicle quantity pot⁻¹, grain quantity panicle⁻¹, filled spikelet rate, and grain yield compared with the control. Ultimately, in extremely saline soil, the mixture of PNSB-fN not only improved soil fertility and reduced soil salinity but also replaced 25% of chemical N fertilizer to ensure sustainable agriculture. This newly developed biofertilizer was potent in not only improving the rice and soil health in the locality but also performing the same under similar conditions around the globe.