Objective: To assess pneumothorax prevalence in neonates across gestational age (GA) categories, identify associated variables, and examine the impact of bubble CPAP (b-CPAP) implementation. Study design: A cohort of 58,706 infants born at three hospitals over six years was analyzed, grouped by GA: ≥35 weeks, 29–34 weeks, and ≤28 weeks. Pneumothorax cases were matched with controls, and prevalence before and after b-CPAP adoption was compared. Results: Pneumothorax occurred in 310 infants (0.53%): 0.39% in ≥35 weeks, 4.0% in 29–34 weeks, and 4.6% in ≤28 weeks GA. Most cases occurred within 24 hours of birth, especially in ≥35 weeks (76%). In the ≥35-week group, pneumothorax was associated with male sex, chorioamnionitis, and delivery room CPAP. In the 29–34-week group, it was linked to small for gestational age, maternal diabetes, and surfactant use. In ≤28-week infants, delivery room intubation was the primary risk factor. Pneumothorax prevalence in non-intubated infants was unchanged after b-CPAP implementation (0.35% vs. 0.41%; aOR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.62–1.16; P = 0.35). Conclusion: Delivery room interventions, not NICU b-CPAP use, were associated with neonatal pneumothorax.

Emphysematous Gastritis is a rare condition, characterized by the presence of gas within the gastric wall. It is associated with a high mortality rate, but early diagnosis and treatment can significantly reduce mortality and improve patient outcomes. For this systematic review, we searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase from inception until October 2024 to find relevant case reports or case series on emphysematous gastritis. A 116 case report and case series revealed that patient ages ranged from 4 months to 96 years (mean age: 55), male (55 %). Most cases were reported in Asia and the USA. The majority of symptoms were 90 % abdominal pain, and 80 % vomiting and nausea. Infection of the gastric wall by gas-forming organisms was commonly Sarcina ventriculi. Abdominal CT scans identified emphysematous changes in 95 % of cases. Endoscopic examinations revealed Gastric Mucosal Erythema in 80 % of patients, with elevated leukocytosis in 80 % of cases. The majority of the recovery rate was 70 %, and the mortality rate was 15 %; (75 % received medical treatment,25 % surgical treatment), and 79 % were given medical treatment including antibiotics and supportive care while in severe cases 21 % were surgical. Emphysematous Gastritis requires a multidisciplinary approach for optimal outcomes. CT imaging remains pivotal for diagnosis, and management should be individualized based on disease severity and patient factors. While mortality remains significant, early recognition and advancements in medical care have improved survival in many cases.

Objectives: To identify clinical variables and indicators associated with pulmonary hemorrhage in preterm infants. Methods: This case-control study included inborn infants <32 weeks. Data were collected in 12-h epochs from birth until hemorrhage onset or up to 72 h for controls. Machine learning used the Random Forest algorithm. Statistical analysis included T test and Mann–Whitney U test. Results: Among 1133 screened infants, 35 had hemorrhage. Mean gestational age was 25.6 ± 1.6 weeks, birth weight 753 ± 224 g, and median onset of hemorrhage was 44.5 h. Affected infants more often required chest compressions and invasive ventilation. Machine learning (accuracy = 83%, AUC = 90%) identified repeated surfactant dosing and postnatal hypotension in the first 12 h of life as top predictors, along with maternal and gestational age. Mortality was higher in cases than controls (19% vs. 3%, p = 0.005). Conclusion: Repeated surfactant dosing and early postnatal hypotension are key predictors for pulmonary hemorrhage in preterm infants.

Purpose of Review: Our meta-analysis aimed to compare the efficacy of GLP-1RAs and SGLT2is in improving hepatic and metabolic outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. We sought to determine which drug class offers superior benefits in liver enzyme reduction, glycemic control, and lipid metabolism. Recent Findings: Recent meta-analyses and observational studies support substantial cardiorenal, metabolic, and hepatic benefits from GLP-1RAs and SGLT2is in T2DM patients. Large trials show that angiocrine and neuroprotective mechanisms may contribute to benefits beyond glycemic control. Combination therapy with GLP-1RA + SGLT2i is associated with additive reductions in major adverse cardiovascular events, heart failure hospitalization, and serious renal events compared to monotherapy. Cardiometabolic data from US cohorts suggest lower risks of myocardial infarction and stroke when a newer-generation GLP-1RA is added to SGLT2i therapy. Subgroup meta-analyses confirm cardiovascular risk reduction regardless of baseline metformin use. Distinct patterns emerge: GLP-1RAs are particularly effective for stroke prevention, weight loss, and glycemic control, while SGLT2is excel in preventing heart failure, cardiovascular mortality, and renal progression . Summary: Both GLP-1 and SGLT2 showed benefits in patients with NAFLD and T2DM. SGLT2 showed greater effects on liver enzymes, while GLP-1 showed improved weight loss and glycemic control. Still, the choice of treatment should be based on the patient’s goals and the main clinical needs.

Esophageal carcinoma is the seventh most common cancer worldwide and poses a significant public health concern due to its poor overall survival rates. Although treatment advances, including multimodal approaches and enhanced surgical techniques, have emerged, their effect on national mortality trends remains unclear. Understanding the temporal changes in esophageal cancer mortality and potential disparities across demographic and geographic subgroups is crucial for guiding targeted interventions and resource allocation. We obtained mortality data for esophageal cancer from the CDC WONDER database covering the years 1999 to 2020, using the ICD-10 code (C15) for malignant neoplasm of the esophagus. Annual mortality rates were age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population and expressed per 10,000 and 100,000 persons. Analyses were stratified by sex (male, female), race/ethnicity (Non-Hispanic Black or African American, Non-Hispanic White, Hispanic), U.S. Census region (Northeast, Midwest, South, West), and urbanization status (rural versus urban). Joinpoint regression identified periods with distinct trends and estimated annual percent changes (APC); the average annual percent change (AAPC) summarized the overall trend. From 1999 to 2020, there were 374,000 recorded deaths from esophageal cancer across a population of over 8 billion. The overall AAMR declined from 4.36 (95 % CI: 4.28-4.44) in 1999 to 3.69 (3.63-3.75) in 2020 (AAPC:0.8 %). Sex disparities were observed, as males had significantly higher mortality (6.43 per 100,000) compared to females (1.38 per 100,000) in 2020, though both showed declining trends (AAPC:0.84 % and -1.12 %, respectively). By race/ethnicity, Black or African American individuals experienced the most pronounced decline, from 6.61 to 2.73 (AAPC:3.82 %), with particularly steep declines after 2018 (APC:1.58 %). Hispanic populations showed moderate decreases from 2.54 to 1.99 (AAPC:1.32 %), while White populations showed minimal change from 4.3 to 4.28 (AAPC:0.05 %). Regionally, the West experienced the greatest decline from 4.17 to 3.36 (AAPC:1.08 %), followed by the Northeast which fell from 4.61 to 3.57 (AAPC:1.07 %), the South from 4.23 to 3.56 (AAPC:0.89 %), and the Midwest displaying the smallest decrease from 4.46 to 4.37 (AAPC:0.31 %). Urban areas demonstrated a consistent decline (AAPC:1.09 %), while rural areas showed a modest increase from 4.16 to 4.52 (AAPC: 0.48 %). Mortality due to esophageal cancer in the U.S. has declined modestly from 1999 to 2020, showing substantial variation across demographic and geographic subgroups. Black or African American populations experienced a significant decline in mortality rates compared to other racial groups, while rural areas exhibited concerning increases in mortality rates. Persistent disparities by sex, race/ethnicity, and urbanization underscore the need for targeted prevention strategies, early detection initiatives, and enhanced access to specialized care, particularly in rural settings where mortality trends diverge from the national pattern.

Background and Objective: Seladelpar is an oral, once‐daily medication that improves cholestasis through its selective peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR‐δ) agonism. It shows promising efficacy in treating primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) patients.Methods: A systematic review and meta‐analysis synthesizing evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) obtained from PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, and WOS until July 19th, 2025. Dichotomous outcomes were reported using risk ratio (RR) and continuous outcomes using mean difference (MD), with a 95% confidence interval (CI).Results: Three RCTs with 499 patients were included. Seladelpar was significantly associated with an increased ALP normalization (RR: 21.12 with 95% CI [4.14, 107.58], p < 0.01), biochemical response (RR: 3.06 with 95% CI [2.00, 4.70], p < 0.01), and decreased pruritus NRS score change (MD: −1.47 with 95% CI [−2.73, −0.21], p = 0.02). Seladelpar was also significantly associated with a decreased incidence of pruritus (RR: 0.54 with 95% CI [0.31, 0.94], p = 0.03) but with an increased incidence of headache (RR: 3.37 with 95% CI [1.11, 10.23], p = 0.03). However, there was no significant difference between seladelpar and placebo regarding the incidence of any adverse events (RR: 0.96 with 95% CI [0.87, 1.06], p = 0.43).Conclusion: Seladelpar improved liver biomarkers of cholestasis and reduced pruritus in patients with PBC without significantly increasing the adverse effects. This makes seladelpar a promising addition to the treatments available for PBC.Trial Registration: PROSPERO: CRD42024521208