Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is a major sugar crop in China and an economic crop with regional advantages in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Currently, abiotic stresses are among the main factors restricting the high-quality development of the sugar beet industry. Recent research has shown that NAC transcription factors play an important role in regulating plant growth and development, as well as in resisting abiotic stress. To determine the specific expression of the NAC transcription factor family in different organs of sugar beet under different abiotic stress conditions, this study systematically analyzed the expression response of 52 members of the NAC transcription factor family in different organs to abiotic stress conditions using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technique. The responses of NAC transcription factor genes to different abiotic stresses were identified in sugar beet leaves and roots; 18 and 17 NAC transcription factor genes were found to respond specifically to abiotic stress in sugar beet leaves and roots, respectively. The research results provide a reference basis for using NAC transcription factors to develop stress-resistant germplasm resources in sugar beets.