Bu çalışmada, yığma yapılarda depremler sonrası oluşmuş hasar şekilleri, geçmişte yapılan çalışmalar da incelenerek ortaya konulmaya, yığma yapı davranışının özellikle deprem yükleri altında irdelenmesine ve bu hususta bazı öneriler getirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Literatürde dağınık olarak bulunan önerilerin başlıcaları birleştirilerek, genelde yığma ve özelde kırsal yapı yapımında dikkat edilmesi gereken kuralların formüle edilmesi amaçlanmış, depremler sonrası hasarların ağırlıklı olarak, bu kurallardan hangisinin ihlalinden dolayı oluştuğu gösterilmeye çalışılmıştır.

The effect of temperature change on modal frequencies leads to erroneous results in the detection of structural damage. Therefore, quantifying the temperature dependency of modal frequencies is essential to improve the reliability of damage identification. Due to the irregular and time-dependent nature of temperature distribution, reliable correlations between air or surface temperatures and modal frequencies cannot be established. In this study, the dynamic behavior of a galvanized steel benchmark structure was investigated at two controlled temperature levels (2 °C and 32 °C) using experimental modal analysis (EMA). The structure was excited using a shaking table, while ambient vibration signals recorded at ground level were used as pre-recorded excitation input to the shaking table. Modal parameters were identified using Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition (EFDD). The results showed that mode shapes remained consistent across temperature levels, whereas natural frequencies decreased by an average of 2.43%. The identified dynamic parameters exhibited an approximately linear trend with temperature change. These findings highlight the importance of considering temperature effects in experimental modal analysis of galvanized steel structures to avoid false damage detection.

Seismic retrofitting is widely used to enhance the dynamic performance of steel structures. This study experimentally investigates the effect of seismic damper retrofitting on a scaled steel frame using ambient vibration testing. Both as-built and retrofitted configurations were evaluated under low-amplitude excitations generated on a shake table. Modal parameters, including natural frequencies, mode shapes, and damping ratios, were identified using output-only Operational Modal Analysis (OMA) based on the Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition (EFDD) method. The results show a significant increase in damping ratios, with more than a 23-fold improvement in the first mode, along with mode-dependent frequency variations ranging from 17.63% to 142.74%. Mode shape comparison confirms strong consistency between configurations. The findings indicate that the integration of the damping devices enhanced the overall energy dissipation capacity of the scaled steel frame by increasing its global damping ratios and modifying the modal responses. The results suggest that output-only OMA can provide valuable insights into damper effectiveness, offering a practical alternative when controlled input excitation is not available.

The mammoth bone heaps found by a villager in the year 1965 have the potential to be a source of scientific discourse ranging from the intersection of archaeological history and architecture to the fields of anthropology, psychology, and the history of religions. In Central Ukraine, as a result of the archaeological studies, four huts consisting of approximately 150 mammoth bones were found. Those huts were built approximately 15,000 years ago. Such evidence seems to suggest that the skeletons and skins of large mammals were used as shelters during the Ice Age, perhaps as an alternative to cave dwellings. In doing so, the earliest communities may have attempted to create a more permanent, higher, and wider-span shelter with the same materials. Transforming a mammoth corpse into a shelter – temporary or not – is most likely a communal effort that may have not only led to the construction of more permanent structures but also provided an iconic model for the carrier system used in tent-type huts built with available materials.

Recently, due to the accelerating urban population growth, the urban population rate has exceeded the rural population rate worldwide. Much of this increase is due to the Global South and East, with a significant portion of the population living in urban informal settlements. Therefore, urban transformation is inevitable for the rehabilitation of cities. However, squatting is a type of settlement that the states generally turn a blind eye to, and thus implicitly support for decades. The same states, this time, are trying to transform the same slums, which gained value especially in proportion to their proximity to growing cities.However, it should not be forgotten that in urban transformation, the balance between financialization of housing, dispossession and humane housing rights of slum settlers must be carefully and fairly. In this study, it has been tried to make determinations about the causes of the problem and to bring suggestions for solutions through some examples of slums and urban transformation from the world and Turkey in particular Ankara.

It is highly likely that early humans, who generally lived in open nature, emptied large animal carcasses and used them as temporary shelters. This is because there are clear similarities between the mammoth skeletal system and the structural systems of constructions built by humans since prehistoric times. Early humans, who utilized deceased mammoth bodies as temporary shelters outside caves, might have later attempted to construct more permanent, taller, and wider-span huts using same materials. Many mammoth bone huts have been discovered across the Ukrainian and Russian Steppes, dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period, and these structures may be the result of such efforts. The construction method of this huts involves stacking large mammoth bones and covering them with mammoth skins. The potential impact of mammoths, which held great significance in the survival of early humans, on early belief systems and construction activities cannot be overlooked. This study aims to formulate "scientific opinions" on these issues by interpreting existing data in a relational manner. The "speculative thesis" proposed in this study suggests that even before the existence of mammoth bone huts (pre-Upper Paleolithic), individuals utilized mammoth rib cages as single-person shelters. Accordingly, early humans may have commenced constructing these huts using mammoth large bones in later periods. Thus, in later periods, even after the mammoths had disappeared, the forms of both the mammoth body, the mammoth ribcage, and the huts made of mammoth bone may have been reflected in the architectural geometry of huts, tents, and houses.