Accumulating evidence indicates that oxidative stress plays a critical role in initiating the progression of inflammatory and fibrotic liver diseases, including cholestatic hepatitis. Peroxiredoxin 4 (PRDX4) is a secretory antioxidase that protects against oxidative damage by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) in both the intracellular compartments and extracellular space. In this study, we examined the in vivo net effects of PRDX4 overexpression in a murine model of cholestasis. To induce cholestatic liver injury, we subjected C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) or human PRDX4 (hPRDX4) transgenic (Tg) mice to sham or bile duct ligation (BDL) surgery for seven days. Our results showed that the liver necrosis area was significantly suppressed in Tg BDL mice with a reduction in the severity of liver injuries. Furthermore, PRDX4 overexpression markedly reduced local and systemic oxidative stress generated by BDL. In addition, suppression of inflammatory cell infiltration, reduced proliferation of hepatocytes and intrahepatic bile ducts, and less fibrosis were also found in the liver of Tg BDL mice, along with a reduced mortality rate after BDL surgery. Interestingly, the composition of the hepatic bile acids (BAs) was more beneficial for Tg BDL mice than for WT BDL mice, suggesting that PRDX4 overexpression may affect BA metabolism during cholestasis. These features indicate that PRDX4 plays an important role in protecting against liver injury following BDL and might be a promising therapeutic modality for cholestatic diseases.

Excessive intake of glucose and fructose in beverages and foods containing high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) plays a significant role in the progression of lifestyle-related diseases (LSRD). Glyceraldehyde-derived advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which have been designated as toxic AGEs (TAGE), are involved in LSRD progression. Understanding of the mechanisms underlying the effects of TAGE on gene expression in the kidneys remains limited. In this study, DNA microarray analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to investigate whether HFCS-consuming Wister rats generated increased intracellular serum TAGE levels, as well as the potential role of TAGE in liver and kidney dysfunction. HFCS consumption resulted in significant accumulation of TAGE in the serum and liver of rats, and induced changes in gene expression in the kidneys without TAGE accumulation or upregulation of receptor for AGEs (RAGE) upregulation. Changes in specific gene expression profiles in the kidney were more correlated with TAGE levels in the liver tissue than in the serum. These findings suggest a direct or indirect interaction may be present between the liver and kidneys that does not involve serum TAGE or RAGE. The involvement of internal signal transduction factors such as exosomes or cytokines without IL-1β and TNF-α is suggested to contribute to the observed changes in kidney gene expression.

In rodent models, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is involved in cerebral development via the placenta, and maternal immune activation is linked to psychiatric disorders in the child. However, whether LIF acts directly on neural progenitor cells (NPCs) remains unclear. This study performed DNA microarray analysis and quantitative RT-PCR on the fetal cerebrum after maternal intraperitoneal or fetal intracerebral ventricular injection of LIF at day 14.5 (E14.5) and determined that the expression of insulin-like growth factors (IGF)-1 and -2 was induced by LIF. Physiological IGF-1 and IGF-2 levels in fetal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) increased from E15.5 to E17.5, following the physiological surge of LIF levels in CSF at E15.5. Immunostaining showed that IGF-1 was expressed in the cerebrum at E15.5 to E19.5 and IGF-2 at E15.5 to E17.5 and that IGF-1 receptor and insulin receptor were co-expressed in NPCs. Further, LIF treatment enhanced cultured NPC proliferation, which was reduced by picropodophyllin, an IGF-1 receptor inhibitor, even under LIF supplementation. Our findings suggest that IGF expression and release from the NPCs of the fetal cerebrum in fetal CSF is induced by LIF, thus supporting the involvement of the LIF–IGF axis in cerebral cortical development in an autocrine/paracrine manner.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is an irreversible degenerative condition causing bone deformation in the joints and articular cartilage degeneration with chronic pain and impaired movement. Adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC) or crushed adipose tissue injection into the joint cavity reportedly improve knee function and symptoms, including pain. Stem cell spheroids may be promising treatment options due to their anti-inflammatory and enhanced tissue regeneration/repair effects. Herein, to form human ADSC spheroids, we used first SphereRing^® (Fukoku Co., Ltd., Ageo, Japan), a newly developed rotating donut-shaped tube and determined their characteristics by DNA microarray of mRNA analysis. The variable gene expression cluster was then identified and validated by RT-PCR. Gene expression fluctuations were observed, such as COL15A1 and ANGPTL2, related to vascular endothelial cells and angiogenesis, and TNC, involved in tissue formation. In addition, multiplex cytokine analysis in the medium revealed significant cytokines and growth factors production increase of IL-6, IL-10, etc. However, ADSC administration into the joint cavity involves their contact with the synovial fluid (SF). Therefore, we examined how SF collected from OA patient joint cavities affect 2D-culture ADSCs and ADSC spheroids and observed SF induced cell death. ADSC spheroids could become promising OA treatment options, although studying the administration methods and consider their interaction with SF is essential.

In this study, we aimed to determine whether nasally administered murine adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) could support olfactory regeneration in vivo. Olfactory epithelium damage was induced in 8-week-old C57BL/6J male mice by intraperitoneal injection of methimazole. Seven days later, OriCell adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells obtained from green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic C57BL/6 mice were nasally administered to the left nostril of these mice, and their innate odor aversion behavior to butyric acid was assessed. Mice showed significant recovery of odor aversion behavior, along with improved olfactory marker protein (OMP) expression on both sides of the upper-middle part of the nasal septal epithelium assessed by immunohistochemical staining 14 d after the treatment with ADSCs compared with vehicle control animals. Nerve growth factor (NGF) was detected in the ADSC culture supernatant, NGF was increased in the nasal epithelium of mice, and GFP-positive cells were observed on the surface of the left side nasal epithelium 24 h after left side nasal administration of ADSCs. The results of this study suggest that the regeneration of olfactory epithelium can be stimulated by nasally administered ADSCs secreting neurotrophic factors, thereby promoting the recovery of odor aversion behavior in vivo.

Knee osteoarthritis (Knee OA) is an irreversible condition that causes bone deformity and degeneration of the articular cartilage that comprises the joints, resulting in chronic pain and movement disorders. The administration of cultured adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) into the knee joint cavity improves the clinical symptoms of Knee OA; however, the effect of synovial fluid (SF) filling the joint cavity on the injected ADSCs remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of adding SF from Knee OA patients to cultured ADSCs prepared for therapeutic use in an environment that mimics the joint cavity. An increase in the viability of ADSCs was observed following the addition of SF. Gene expression profiling of SF-treated ADSCs using DNA microarrays revealed changes in several genes involved in cell survival. Of these genes, we focused on FOSL1, which is involved in the therapeutic effect of ADSCs and the survival and proliferation of cancer stem cells. We confirmed the upregulation of FOSL1 mRNA and protein expression using RT-PCR and western blot analysis, respectively. Next, we knocked down FOSL1 in ADSCs using siRNA and observed a decrease in cell viability, indicating the involvement of FOSL1 in the survival of ADSCs. Interestingly, in the knockdown cells, ADSC viability was also decreased by SF exposure. These results suggest that SF enhances cell viability by upregulating FOSL1 expression in ADSCs. For therapy using cultured ADSCs, the therapeutic effect of ADSCs may be further enhanced if an environment more conducive to the upregulation of FOSL1 expression in ADSCs can be established.