The transportation sector plays a pivotal role in economic development but is also a major contributor to environmental degradation due to its reliance on fossil fuels. This study explores the relationship between transport-related CO₂ emissions, economic growth, road and rail freight transport, industry, trade openness, fossil fuel consumption, financial development, and renewable energy in ten landlocked countries from 1990 to 2022. Using panel cointegration tests and PMG-ARDL techniques, the findings reveal a bidirectional causality between CO₂ emissions, road freight, financial development, and industry. Road freight transport significantly boosts economic growth but also intensifies emissions, while renewable energy effectively mitigates transport-related CO₂. The results emphasize the need for policymakers to balance economic advancement with sustainable energy and emission reduction strategies. Achieving economic-energy sustainability is essential for fostering a green and clean environment without compromising growth.

This chapter examines the incorporation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into the evolution of logistics and supply chain systems aimed at decarbonization and enduring sustainability. The analysis commences with an examination of the environmental and socio-economic challenges confronting global logistics networks, encompassing rising energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, resource limitations, and regulatory demands. The chapter establishes the conceptual foundations of sustainable and low-carbon logistics by analyzing key externalities linked to logistics operations, the difficulties in measuring environmental performance, and the transition from conventional linear logistics models to green, circular, and low-carbon supply chain paradigms. Emphasis is directed towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) most pertinent to logistics, namely SDG 7 , SDG 9 , SDG 11, SDG 12, SDG 13, and SDG 17.