Immunoglobulin Y (IgY), the major antibody class in birds, has gained increasing attention in recent years as a versatile and ethically sustainable alternative to mammalian immunoglobulins. IgY has demonstrated strong potential in diagnostics, prophylaxis, and therapy across a wide range of fields, including infectious diseases, allergy management, oral health, and food safety. Its applications in animal health—particularly in poultry, livestock, and companion animals—further underscore its relevance within the One Health framework. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of IgY technology, starting with its physiological role in maternal immunity and the structural characteristics that distinguish it from mammalian immunoglobulin G (IgG). This review outlines current strategies for IgY production and purification. It also provides an overview of its biomedical and veterinary applications, including its use in diagnostics, prevention, and treatment—such as for SARS-CoV-2—primarily based on studies published in the past five years. The final section addresses the current limitations of IgY technology, such as variability in protocols, stability challenges, and the need for safety assessment, while highlighting the importance of harmonized guidelines to support broader implementation. With growing scientific interest, expanding clinical research, and increasing availability of commercial products, IgY is well positioned to become a valuable immunobiological tool for both human and veterinary applications.

The Discrete-event simulation (DES) has become a critical tool in modern manufacturing, enabling process optimization, resource allocation, and strategic decision-making. This study systematically evaluates 4 leading DES software solutions, assessing their capabilities, industrial adoption, and integration with emerging technologies. Key aspects include their modelling approaches, automation capabilities, scripting environments, digital twin integration, and support for risk-based planning and scheduling (RBS). A structured literature review was conducted using peer-reviewed sources published in the last ten years, focusing on manufacturing, healthcare, and supply chain applications. The findings reveal that while DES software enhances efficiency and scalability, challenges remain in computational complexity, interoperability, and real-time analytics. Moreover, gaps persist in autonomous decision-making and the standardization of DES models. This review provides a comprehensive overview of DES trends and research challenges, offering insights into future advancements in smart manufacturing. The study contributes to both academia and industry by identifying key areas for further development.

The mammalian gut microbiome functions as a metabolically active immunological organ and has co-evolved with its host to maintain systemic homeostasis. This review integrates current evidence on the molecular mechanisms governing bidirectional microbiota–immune communication, emphasizing evolutionary conservation, receptor-mediated signaling, and translational implications. Microbial structural ligands and metabolites—including short-chain fatty acids, bile-acid derivatives, and tryptophan catabolites—engage host receptors such as G-protein-coupled receptors, FXR/TGR5, and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), thereby regulating epithelial barrier integrity, regulatory T-cell differentiation, Th17 polarization, mucosal IgA production, and systemic immune tone. Riboflavin-derived metabolites presented via major histocompatibility complex class-I-related molecule (MR1) further shape mucosal-associated invariant T-cell development (MAIT), illustrating metabolite-driven immune system programming. Dysbiosis induced by antibiotics, dietary perturbation, or aging disrupts these molecular networks, promoting chronic inflammatory, metabolic, autoimmune, and neuroimmune disorders. Comparative analyses across mammalian systems underscore conserved pathways of host–microbe coadaptation and immune education. Therapeutically, microbiota-modulating strategies—including probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), postbiotics, and IgY-based passive immunotherapy—aim to restore immunometabolic signaling. Emerging in vitro and in silico platforms further provide mechanistic precision while supporting ethically aligned translational research. Collectively, these insights position microbiota-derived molecular signaling as a central determinant of adaptive immune architecture and a targetable axis in precision immunotherapy.

Immunoglobulin Y (IgY), the major antibody class in birds, has gained increasing attention in recent years as a versatile and ethically sustainable alternative to mammalian immunoglobulins. IgY has demonstrated strong potential in diagnostics, prophylaxis, and therapy across a wide range of fields, including infectious diseases, allergy management, oral health, and food safety. Its applications in animal health—particularly in poultry, livestock, and companion animals—further underscore its relevance within the One Health framework. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of IgY technology, starting with its physiological role in maternal immunity and the structural characteristics that distinguish it from mammalian immunoglobulin G (IgG). Current production and purification strategies are outlined, followed by an overview of its biomedical and veterinary applications mainly based on studies published over the past five years. The final section addresses the current limitations of IgY technology, such as variability in protocols, stability challenges, and the need for safety assessment, while highlighting the importance of harmonized guidelines to support broader implementation. With growing scientific interest, expanding clinical research, and increasing availability of commercial products, IgY is well-positioned to become a valuable immunobiological tool for both human and veterinary applications.

The gut microbiome is a diverse and complex ecosystem vital for maintaining host health. In recent years, research has focused on in vivo and in vitro models to explore its multifaceted roles. In vitro models provide controlled environments for studying digestion and microbial interactions, while in vivo models enable the assessment of host-microbe interactions in more holistic settings. This article presents the advantages, limitations, and applications of both models, emphasizing their contributions to understanding gut microbiome dynamics.

Ready-to-eat (RTE) products have become increasingly popular due to their minimal preparation requirements. However, these products pose significant public health risks. This systematic review examines the spectrum of public health risks associated with RTE products, focusing on their characterization, microbial contamination, factors contributing to product contamination, and quantitative microbiological risk assessment. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in several databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Key findings show that pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli are commonly associated with RTE foods, often due to deficiencies in food safety practices during production and distribution. Thus, vulnerable populations such as the elderly, immunocompromised individuals, and pregnant women are particularly at risk. This review highlights the need for continued research and policy interventions to ensure the safety of RTE products in the food chain.