Background: Both vitamin D and physical exercise have been independently associated with neuroprotective and anti-aging effects. However, their potential synergistic role in promoting healthy brain aging has not been fully clarified.Objective: This review examines the overlapping and potentially complementary effects of exercise and vitamin D on aging-related neurobiological and cognitive outcomes, with a focus on mechanisms relevant to older adults.Methods: We surveyed preclinical and clinical studies investigating the impact of vitamin D and exercise on neurotrophic signaling (e.g., BDNF, IGF-1), vascular and inflammatory pathways (e.g., VEGF, cytokines), and cognitive or functional outcomes in aging models and older human populations. Particular attention was given to recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) such as SYNERGIC, DO-HEALTH, and PONDER, as well as large-scale epidemiological studies.Results: Preclinical findings suggest that vitamin D and exercise converge on shared biological pathways, including oxidative stress reduction, inflammation control, and neurogenesis promotion. Some animal studies demonstrated enhanced neuroprotection and cognitive improvement with combined interventions. In human trials, aerobic-resistance exercise with or without cognitive training improved cognitive scores in older adults with mild cognitive impairment, while vitamin D supplementation alone showed limited effect. Observational data further suggest that high serum vitamin D levels and regular physical activity are independently and jointly associated with delayed biological aging. However, evidence of clinically meaningful synergy remains limited, and no definitive conclusion can be drawn from current trials due to heterogeneity in design, population, and intervention protocols.Conclusion: While biologically plausible and supported by selective findings, the synergistic impact of vitamin D and exercise on brain aging has yet to be conclusively demonstrated in older adults. Future studies should focus on at-risk populations, standardized intervention models, and mechanistic outcomes to better evaluate their combined potential as low-cost, preventive strategies in aging.

This study explores how different self‐controlled feedback methods affect table tennis serving skills at various task difficulties. Using a self‐selection frequency technique, participants performed 10 rounds of serving practice with three feedback methods: KP, video, and video + KP. This study measured accuracy and skill evaluation of 120 first‐year students majoring in non‐physical education. In simple tasks, significant performance differences were observed between groups in immediate tests, but not in delayed tests. The video + KP method yielded the best outcomes, followed by video and KP. In complex tasks, performance differences were highly significant in both immediate and delayed tests, with video + KP showing superior results. Feedback request frequency trends were consistent across groups but varied with task complexity. For simple tasks, feedback had little impact on long‐term retention, whereas for complex tasks, differences were significant. Overall, self‐controlled feedback methods (KP, video, and video + KP) improved motor skill learning, with the video + KP method being most effective. The key contribution of this study lies in its innovative combination of self‐controlled feedback types, demonstrating that the integration of both video and KP feedback significantly enhances skill acquisition, particularly for complex tasks, offering practical implications for optimizing feedback strategies in sports education.

This study aims to utilize male blood metabolite signatures for (i) distinguishing between healthy individuals and athletes, thereby optimizing the athlete screening process; and (ii) predicting athletic performance in 100, 200, and 400 m sprints, enhancing precompetition preparation and intervention strategies. Initially, we employed nontargeted metabolomics to analyze the blood metabolome of healthy individuals (n = 10) and athletes (n = 10), identifying differential expressed metabolites (DEMs) potentially related to athletic performance through differential analysis, consensus clustering, WGCNA, and UMAP analysis. Subsequently, using LASSO‐Cox analysis, we refined our selection to two core DEMs: HMDB0012085 (Sphingomyelin (d18:0/14:0)) and HMDB0009224 (Phosphatidylethanolamine(20:0/18:1(9Z))) associated with athletic performance. We then applied targeted metabolomics to measure the levels of these DEMs in a larger cohort, including healthy individuals (n = 50) and athletes (n = 100), revealing a significant increase in the levels of HMDB0012085 and HMDB0009224 in athletes compared to healthy individuals. Utilizing 13 machine learning classification methods, we demonstrated that the levels of HMDB0012085 and HMDB0009224 in blood effectively differentiate between healthy individuals and athletes. Notably, HMDB0012085 exhibits greater feature importance across multiple algorithms compared to HMDB0009224. Specifically, in decision trees (94.1 vs. 5.9), random forests (60.7 vs. 39.3), gradient boosting trees (91.5 vs. 8.5), CatBoost (61.7 vs. 38.3), ExtraTrees (64.7 vs. 35.3), and XGBoost (74.5 vs. 25.5). Finally, we found a significant negative correlation between the levels of HMDB0012085 and HMDB0009224 in whole blood and sprint times for 100, 200, and 400 m races. In conclusion, HMDB0012085 and HMDB0009224 in whole blood hold promise as biomarkers for predicting athletic potential in males.

Background : E-Bikes are increasingly regarded as a promising form of active travel, but their implications for physical activity remain unclear. Although motor assistance reduces the physiological demands of cycling, it may also lower barriers to participation and increase overall activity levels. Objective : This systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence on the potential benefits of e-bikes for physical activity. Methods : Following the PRISMA 2020 statement, we searched EBSCO, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and TRID, with supplementary searches conducted in Google Scholar. Observational, experimental, and quasi-experimental studies examining e-bikes in relation to physiological responses, exercise intensity, or total physical activity were included. Owing to substantial heterogeneity across study designs, populations, comparators, and outcome measures, findings were synthesized narratively. Results : Thirty-one studies involving 11,890 participants were included. Compared with conventional bicycles, e-bikes generally elicited lower acute physiological demands, but they commonly still reached at least moderate intensity. Compared with no-exercise conditions, e-bike use was generally associated with higher total daily physical activity and lower sedentary time. Evidence also suggested that e-bikes may reduce barriers to cycling and support participation among less active or physically limited populations. Conclusions : Although e-biking usually imposes a lower physiological load than conventional cycling, it appears to have meaningful potential for promoting physical activity in daily life. More rigorous long-term studies are needed to clarify its contribution to physical activity and health.